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  • 1.
    book
    The euro in an enlarged European Union : from fragmentation to integration. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    [Brussels] : European Commission, 2005.
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  • 2.
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    Factsheets on the preparation of national public administrations for the euro [er] status : September 2001. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Brussels : European Commission, 2001.
    Summary
    The factsheets provide an overview of the state of preparations for the changeover of public administrations to the euro as at September 2001. They update the previous factsheets dating from 1998 and outline the progress made since.
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  • 3.
    book
    Economic forecasts : autumn 2003. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2003.
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  • 4.
    book
    Convergence report 2004. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2005.
    Summary
    On 20 October 2004 the Commission adopted the convergence report 2004, which re-assessed the conditions for adopting the euro in Sweden. This re-examination was seized as an opportunity to analyze also the situation in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia. The report concludes that none of the eleven Member States assessed fulfils the necessary conditions for adopting the euro.
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  • 5.
    book
    Economic forecasts : autumn 2004. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2004.
    Summary
    Following the turnaround in the second half of 2003, economic activity in the euro area and the EU gathered speed this year. Supported by the continued buoyancy of global growth and trade, the growth rates are projected to reach 2.1% in the euro area and 2.5% in the EU this year. This is followed by a deceleration of the order of 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points in both regions in 2005, as the sharp rise in oil prices takes its toll, and a subsequent rebound in 2006 as the latter effect tapers off. Apart from the external impulse from global demand, the main factors behind the outlook include accommodative macroeconomic policies, low inflation, supportive financial conditions, widening profit margins, and progress in structural reforms. The consolidation of the recovery over the forecast horizon is underpinned by an acceleration of investment expenditure and a more gradual pick-up in private consumption. As the lagged effects of the protracted downturn dissipate, the performance of the labour market is expected to respond to the momentum of economic activity. Employment growth in the euro area, at 0.5% in 2004, is expected to accelerate to 0.9% in 2005 and 2006. For the EU as a whole, the pick-up profile is similar, although the rise in employment is projected to be slightly lower. The global recovery has put upward pressure on both fuel and non-fuel commodity prices. In view of the sharp rise in oil prices since the first quarter of this year, the assumed profile for oil prices has been revised upwards compared to the Spring forecasts. From an average of USD 40.6 per barrel (Brent crude) in the third quarter of this year, the price of oil is assumed to rise to USD 50 in the fourth quarter, before declining gradually to USD 42.5 in the last quarter of next year, yielding an average of USD 45.1 per barrel for 2005. Some easing is foreseen during the course of 2006, leading to an average of USD 40.1 per barrel. After a projected rise of 38% this year, this profile implies a further increase of 15% next year, followed by a decline of 11% in 2006. Although the oil price hike is less in real terms than during previous shocks and most industrialised oil-importing economies have reduced their dependence on oil, this year’s sharp rise has already dented world growth for 2004. The persistence of higher oil prices and their increased volatility have adverse implications for the growth outlook over the forecast horizon. Global equity prices have levelled off during the course of this year. Although long-term government bond yields have risen modestly with the measured tightening of monetary policy in some countries, they are still low by historical standards in both nominal and real terms. Corporate bond spreads have also remained narrow. Overall, these developments suggest that financing conditions in the global economy continue to be supportive of world economic activity.
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  • 6.
    book
    European integration and the functioning of product markets. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    Taking a look at the first ten years of the single market programme SMP and reflecting on its impact on the functioning of product markets in the European Union. In the ongoing market integration process and the product market reforms, what are the impacts and strategic behaviours?.
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  • 7.
    book
    Public finances in EMU 2004. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2004.
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  • 8.
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    Co-ordination of economic policies in the EU [er] a presentation of key features of the main procedures. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Brussels : European Commission, 2002.
    Summary
    The economic policy framework in the EU and euro area encompasses as a principle the co-ordination of national economic policies. This acknowledges the growing economic interdependence of Member States. Against this background, a comprehensive system of co-ordination procedures has been defined. This paper presents the key features of the main procedures.
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  • 9.
    book
    Report on the implementation of the 2003-05 broad economic policy guidelines. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2004.
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  • 10.
    book
    Public finances in EMU 2003. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2003.
    Summary
    Published in context with the the Commission Communication COM(2003)283 final, this fourth annual report on public finances in EMU forms part of Commission efforts to upgrade the analysis and surveillance of fiscal policies in EMU and to place emphasis on the quality and sustainability of public finances. Moreover, the report marks a further step towards progressively incorporating the candidate countries into the EU framework for budgetary surveillance.
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  • 11.
    book
    The Western Balkans in transition. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    BXL : European Commission, 2004.
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  • 12.
    book
    Multilingual publication (title details in MARC record) European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    Este informe se ha elaborado de acuerdo con los resultados de la encuesta, realizada en 2002, sobre las inversiones en las industrias hullera y siderúrgica de la Comunidad. Esta encuesta se hace una vez al año, y recoge la información sobre los gastos de inversión reales y previstos, y las posibilidades de producción de las empresas dei carbón y deI acero. Los diferentes capítulos examinan los diversos resultados en cada sector de la producción, a saber: - centros de extracción hullera; - coquerías; - minas de hierro; - industria siderúrgica. El anexo al informe contiene unos cuadros que ofrecen un anáIisis completo de los resultados, especialmente sobre los gastos de inversion y las posibilidades de producción por región y por tipo de instalación, para todos los sectores y categorías de productos del carbón y del acero que entran en el ámbito del Tratado CECA.
    La presente relazione si basa sui risultati dell'indagine relativa al 2002 sugli investimenti nelle industrie carbosiderurgiche della Comunità. L'indagine, effettuata annualmente, raccoglie i dati sulle spese d'investimento correnti e future e sulle possibilità di produzione delle imprese carbosiderurgiche. Nei vari capitoli della relazione vengono esaminati i risultati dell'indagine per ciascun settore produttivo, e più precisamente: - sedi di estrazione di carbon fossile; - cokerie; - miniere di ferro; - industria siderurgica. L'allegato alla presente relazione contiene le tabelle che riportano un'analisi completa dei risultati, fra cui quelle sulle spese d'investimento e sulle possibilità di produzione per regione e per tipo di impianti per tutti i settorie le categorie dei prodotti carbosiderurgici contemplati dal trattato CECA.
    Este relatório foi elaborado a partir dos resultados do inquérito sobre os investimentos nas indústrias mineiras e siderúrgicas da Comunidade, realizado em 2002. 0 inquérito, que se realiza anualmente, recolhe informaçoes sobre as despesas de investimento reais e previstas e sobre as capacidades de produçao das empresas do carvão e do aço. Os diferentes capítulos examinam os resultados do inquérito para cada sector da produção, nomeadamente: - locais de extracçao de hulha; unidades de produçao de coque; - minas de ferro; - indústria siderúrgica. 0 anexo ao relatório contém diversos quadros fornecendo uma análise completa dos resultados obtidos, das despesas de investimento e das capacidades de produção por região e por tipo de instalação para todos os sectores e categorlas de produtos carboníferos e siderúrgicos do âmbito do Tratado CECA.
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  • 13.
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    Communication from the Commission [er] the euro area in the world economy : developments in the first three years. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Brussels : European Commission, 2002.
    Summary
    This issue, as the final number of this series, presents the Commission Communication adopted on 19 June 2002, which notes that the introduction of euro notes and coins at the beginning of this year was a landmark achievement in the history of European integration. The benefits of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) have been felt already for some time. EMU is based on a commitment to sound macroeconomic policies, which have helped to create a new culture of economic stability in Europe. In turn, this has enabled Europe to weather the recent slowdown in the world economy. Furthermore, thanks to the euro, the kind of damaging intra-European exchange rate tension that often characterised previous episodes of adjustment to external shocks has been avoided. With the euro in place, the citizens of euro area countries can now look forward to the benefits of increased price transparency, more intense competition in the market place and greater financial integration in Europe.
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  • 14.
    book
    Economic forecasts : spring 2004. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2004.
    Summary
    After bottoming out in the first half of 2003, the economies of the euro area and EU turned around in the second half of the year. The average growth rate for the year as a whole is estimated to have been 0.4% in the euro area and 0.8% in the EU. In view of the buoyancy of global growth and trade, and the returning confidence of domestic producers and consumers, the recovery is set to gather momentum this year. A rebound to average growth rates of 1.7% for the euro area and 2% for the EU is projected for 2004, levelling off at around 2.4% in 2005. Apart from the external stimulus from global demand, the main factors behind the outlook for the recovery include accommodative macroeconomic policy conditions, continued disinflation, supportive financial conditions, and progress in structural reforms. The recovery is underpinned by a rise in investment expenditure, supported by a more gradual pick-up in private consumption. Despite this projected increase in the momentum of economic activity, the protracted downturn should continue to weigh on the performance of the labour market. Employment growth is expected to register 0.3% in 2004 and a somewhat better 0.9% in 2005. After the weak growth in world trade in 2002, a strong rebound of about 5% is estimated to have taken place in 2003. The near-term outlook is for a further acceleration to around 8% in 2004-2005. World GDP growth is estimated to have been stronger-than-expected at 3.7% in 2003. This year, world economic activity should expand at a robust 4.5%, before levelling off in 2005. This acceleration is supported by a number of factors, including accommodative macroeconomic policies, supportive financial conditions and a return of confidence. The regional distribution of world growth widened in 2003, with stronger than expected contributions coming from the US, the CIS, OPEC, Asia (especially China) and the acceding countries. In the US, helped by monetary and fiscal policy stimulus and solid underlying productivity growth, the recovery is expected to continue with growth at 4.2% in 2004. Nonetheless, in view of the high general government and current account deficits, this pace of economic expansion is viewed as unsustainable, and the growth rate is expected to decline to 3.2% in 2005.
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  • 15.
    book
    Economic forecasts : Spring 2005. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2005.
    Summary
    Following the deceleration in economic activity in the second half of last year, growth in the euro area and the EU is expected to return to potential during the course of 2005 as domestic demand gathers momentum. Overall, GDP growth is projected at 1.6% in the euro area and 2.0% in the EU (and 2.1% and 2.3% respectively in 2006). Employment growth is set to accelerate in both the euro area and the EU, facilitating a modest fall in unemployment in 2006. Similarly, public finances should remain broadly unchanged this year with the deficit at 2.6% of GDP in both the euro area and the EU.
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  • 16.
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    Communication from the Commission to the European Council [er] review of the introduction of euro notes and coins. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Brussels : European Commission, 2002.
    Summary
    The introduction of euro notes and coins was the largest-ever currency-changeover operation. Europe showed that it was up to the task and was able to meet the difficult challenge of ensuring a smooth transition. The participating countries produced 15 billion notes and 51 billion coins and then distributed in the first few weeks of 2002 some 8 billion notes and 38 billion coins to 218 000 banks and post offices, 2.8 million sales outlets and 302 million individuals in twelve different countries.
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  • 17.
    book
    Multilingual publication (title details in MARC record) European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    Dieser Bericht wurde auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse der Erhebung 2002 über die Investitionen in den Kohle- und Stahlindustrien der Gemeinschaft ausgearbeitet. ln der Erhebung, die jährlich durchgeführt wird, werden Informationen über tatsächliche und geplante Investitionsaufwendungen gesammelt. Die folgenden Kapitel des Berichts umfassen eine Untersuchung der Ergebnisse der Erhebung für jeden einzelnen Produktionssektor, nämlich : - Steinkohlenbergbau, - Kokereien, - Eisenerzbergbau, - Eisen- und Stahlindustrie. Die Anlage zum Bericht enthält Tabellen mit einer vollständigen Analyse der Ergebnisse, einschlieBlich der Investitionsaufwendungen und Produktionsmöglichkeiten nach Gebieten und Anlagenkategorien fur alle Sektoren und Kategorien der dem EGKS-Vertrag unterliegenden Kohle- und Stahlerzeugnisse.
    This report has been prepared on the basis of the results of the 2002 survey of investments in the Community coal and steel industries. The survey, which is conducted annually, collects information on actual and forecast capital expenditure and production potential of coal and steel enterprises. Subsequent chapters of the report examine the results of the survey for each producing sector, namely: - the coal-mining industry; - coking plants; - iron ore mines; - the iron and steel industry. The annex to the report contains tables giving a complete analysis of the results of the survey, including tables of capital expenditure and production potential by region and by category of plant for ail sectors and categories of coal and steel products falling within the ECSC Treaty.
    Ce rapport a été établi à partir de résultats de l'enquête menée en 2002 sur les investissements des industries houillères et sidérurgiques de la Communauté. L'enquête, qui est réalisée une fois par an, rassemble des informations sur les dépenses d'investissement réelles et prévues et sur les possibilités de production des entreprises du charbon et de l'acier. Les chapitres suivants examinent les résultats de l'enquête pour chaque secteur de production, à savoir: - sièges d'extraction houillère; - cokeries; - mines de fer; - industrie sidérurgique. L'annexe au rapport contient des tableaux donnant une analyse complète des résultats, notamment sur les dépenses d'investissement et les possibilités de production par région et par type d'installation pour tous les secteurs et par catégorie de produits houillers ou sidérurgiques entrant dans le cadre du traité CECA.
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  • 18.
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    EMU [er] the first two years. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Brussels : European Commission, 2001.
    Summary
    The Commission has published a report on the experience of EMU so far. The report provides a factual overview of events in four important areas. The first part presents an assessment of the macro-economic performance of the euro-area economy during the past two years. It also discusses achievements in the area of monetary and fiscal policy and issues related to economic policy co-ordination. The second part describes the external development of the euro, including its role as an international currency. The study then goes on to highlight the important changes which have taken place in euro-area financial markets. Indeed, financial integration will be the single most important factor fostering economic growth in the euro area. Finally, the note takes stock of the preparations for completing the changeover to the euro. It describes the procedures for the introduction of the notes and coins and sets out the remaining challenges.
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  • 19.
    book
    The EU economy : 2004 review. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2005.
    Summary
    This document presents the assessment of the most recent and prospective developments in the economy of the European Union as well as an examination of a number of economic issues which are of particular importance for economic policy.
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  • 20.
    book
    The EU economy : 2003 review. European Commission. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : OPOCE, 2003.
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