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  • 1.
    book.ebook
    The optimization of mineral exploration investments by the computer program "Exile". European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [1969]
    Summary
    This report describes a method and a computer program for optimizing mineral exploration investments by the following standards : 1. An adequate capitalized reserve, in relation to future annual re­quirements, must always be accessible. 2. Schock effects must be avoided ; strong variations must be levelled out smoothly. 3. Expenditures have to be minimal with respect to the first two conditions. Minimal annual discovery rates are calculated together with invest­ment schemes, exploration areas and exploration costs per km'. Sequential alternatives (levelled) are proposed. The combined results may be obtained in graphical form also.
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  • 2.
    book
    Material in coal gasification plants. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1979.
    Summary
    A number of coal conversion systems and ways of increasing the efficiency of utilisation are already being actively considered. Liquefaction processes aim to convert coal into a low-sulphur, low-ash fuel oil suitable for firing electric power generators without air polution, and ultimately develop techniques for processing coal to produce higher grade liquid fuels such as gasoline and methanol. New and more efficient combustion systems for coal such as fluidized bed combustors, are also being considered, in which effort is largely directed at achieving higher combustion efficiencies without exceeding the emission standards demanded by environmental restrictions. Equally, more advanced power systems, including MHD, are also receiving attention. However, perhaps more importantly, coal gasification processes provide the most inunediate need for a conversion process which will provide a suitable fuel for power generation in a manner compatible with environmental constraints now being imposed.
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  • 3.
    book
    Modelling of artificial radioactivity migration in environment : a survey. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1978.
    Summary
    The production of electrical energy in nuclear power plants results always in the release towards the environment of non-negligible quantities of radioactive effluents which are potentially noxious for mankind. However, also the use of fossil fuel in conventional power plants results in gaseous effluent releases containing trace quantities of some radio elements (uranium, radium). In the case of nuclear fuel exploitation, the whole fuel cycle is concerned, through its different steps of mining and milling, fuel fabrication, thermal energy production, irradiated fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste conditioning, storage and disposal; during each one of these steps, controlled and possible accidental releases of radioactive effluents can occur, which contain some fission and activation products. Once the pollutants have been released into the environment, they spread, migrate and evolve following laws which depend on: - their chemical properties and physical state; - the features of the receptor site and its environment; - the time span available.
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  • 4.
    book
    Monitoring of plutonium contaminated solid waste streams. Chapter IV, Passive neutron assay. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1978.
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  • 5.
    book
    Monitoring of plutonium contaminated solid waste streams. Chapter III, Passive gamma assay : applicability and limitations. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1977.
    Summary
    The assay of plutonium isotopes and 241Am contents in a waste item by gamma spectroscopy is discussed. The first section is dedicated to the criteria for gamma lines to be used, the characteristics of the spectrometer and the monitor response. The second section deals with a reference monitor for passive gamma assay. The monitor is based on high resolution Ge(Li) spectrometer. A model is presented for the interpretation of the experimental results. The model is based on the response to two energy lines widely different in energy but emitted from the same radionuclide. As an example the lines 129KeV and 4l4KeV of 230Pu are used. The model treats the problem of self absorption and the attenuation in the matrix material. The limitations and possible sources of errors are explained. The numerical evaluation of escape probabilities of gamma radiation from a finite cylindrical item to a point spectrometer are discussed in the third section. A parameter study for this function is presented and the possibilities to express it in limited ranges as a multiplication of single variable functions (separation of variables) are considered. The approximation via the escape probability of an equivalent spherical item is discussed. The influence of the container wall thickness is investigated and an approximation is suggested.
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  • 6.
    book
    Monitoring of plutonium contaminated solid waste streams. Chapter I, Planning of monitoring systems European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1977.
    Summary
    The planning of a system for monitoring Pu contaminated solid waste streams, from the nuclear fuel cycle, is considered on the basis of a given facility waste management program. The inter relations between the monitoring system and the waste management objectives are stressed. Selection criteria with pertinent data of available waste monitors are given. Example of monitoring systems planning are presented and discussed. This report is the first chapter of the guide : MONITORING OF PU CONTAMINATED SOLID WASTES STREAMS. The extra chapters are : Chapter II General theory of monitoring system design EUR 5636 Chapter III Passive gamma assay, applicability and limitations EUR 5637 Chapter IV Applications of passive neutron assav Chapter V Application^ of active neutron assay.
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  • 7.
    book
    Monitoring of plutonium contaminated solid waste streams. Chapter II, Principles and theory of radiometric assay European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1977.
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  • 8.
    book
    Monitoring of plutonium contaminated solid waste streams. Chapter V, Active neutron assay. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 1979.
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