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  • 1.
    book.ebook
    Droughts in Europe and worldwide 2019-2020 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report summarizes a year of drought events through the monitoring and forecasting activity of European (EDO) and Global (GDO) Drought Observatories, as part of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS). The period of interest spans from October 2019 to September 2020, during which several drought events of relevance and other minor events or intense dry spells were observed.
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  • 2.
    book.ebook
    Un marco de seguimiento de la desigualdad multidimensional para la UE [er] : mensajes clave. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    En muchos países de la UE, a los hijos les resulta más fácil ascender en la escala social que a sus padres.
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  • 3.
    book
    Un cadre multidimensionnel de suivi des inégalités pour l’UE : messages clés. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    Dans de nombreux pays de l’UE, il est devenu plus facile pour les enfants, par comparaison avec la situation qu’ont connue leurs parents, de progresser sur l’échelle sociale.
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  • 4.
    book.ebook
    A multidimensional inequality monitoring framework for the EU [er] : key messages. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    In many EU countries it has become easier for children to move up the social ladder relative to their parents.
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  • 5.
    book.ebook
    Ein Rahmen zur Überwachung multidimensionaler Ungleichheiten für die EU [er] : Wichtigste Aussagen. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    In vielen EU-Ländern können Kinder heutzutage leichter auf der sozialen Leiter aufsteigen als ihre Eltern.
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  • 6.
    book
    A multidimensional inequality monitoring framework for the EU : key messages. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    In many EU countries it has become easier for children to move up the social ladder relative to their parents.
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  • 7.
    book
    Un marco de seguimiento de la desigualdad multidimensional para la UE : mensajes clave. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    En muchos países de la UE, a los hijos les resulta más fácil ascender en la escala social que a sus padres.
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  • 8.
    book
    Ein Rahmen zur Überwachung multidimensionaler Ungleichheiten für die EU : Wichtigste Aussagen. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    In vielen EU-Ländern können Kinder heutzutage leichter auf der sozialen Leiter aufsteigen als ihre Eltern.
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  • 9.
    book.ebook
    Un cadre multidimensionnel de suivi des inégalités pour l’UE [er] : messages clés. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2021], c2021.
    Summary
    Dans de nombreux pays de l’UE, il est devenu plus facile pour les enfants, par comparaison avec la situation qu’ont connue leurs parents, de progresser sur l’échelle sociale.
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  • 10.
    book.ebook
    Regional measures under risk preparedness in the electricity sector [er] : practical tools and information for the preparation of the risk preparedness plan. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This study addresses the regional dimension of electricity crises management in the European Union and elaborates on the national and regional rules and procedures that are relevant for the definition of target measures and regional cooperation agreements. In this context, we identify the essential elements for the prevention, preparation for and management of a crisis as a practical guide for the preparation of the risk preparedness plan, with the objective to extend and develop the European Commission’s Recommendations (EU) 2020/1775 (European Commission, 2020b). This analysis is based on a number of regulatory documents - like the guideline on electricity transmission system operation and the network code on emergency and restoration - and other studies on the most frequent causes of outages, the associated effective remedial actions, the best practices in crisis management, and the economic impacts of electricity crises.
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  • 11.
    book.ebook
    Diaspora finance for development [er] : from remittances to investment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report examines different forms of diaspora finance around the world. Diaspora finance involves remittances, understood as inter-personal financial transfers between migrants and their countries of origin, and diaspora investment, defined as asset-producing financial instruments through which diasporas (migrants and their descendants) can invest in organisations in their country of origin. There is an extensive body of research and data on remittances sent by migrants, the annual flows of which are now larger in aggregate than either official development assistance (ODA) or foreign direct investment (FDI). But much less is known about diaspora investment, or about how remittances and diaspora investment can be effectively channelled to support development. We identify over 300 diaspora finance initiatives through a systematic review of over 500 research, policy and grey literature documents. The study highlights the broad diversity of diaspora finance mechanisms around the world, while also drawing attention to the lack of systematic international data on diaspora investment flows and to the severe shortage of quality evidence on the development outcomes of different diaspora finance initiatives.
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  • 12.
    book.ebook
    Arctic populations dynamics and urbanisation [er] : results from the GHSL products. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    Arctic regions are expected to be increasingly affected by both demographic and migration processes, as a result of the ever-accelerating climate and socio-economic pressures. Long-term monitoring of the Arctic population dynamics using a consistent harmonised approach can help understand these pressure and effects and explore the linkages between human and natural influences. We use the 40-year Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) spatial grids of built-up – generated from satellite observation – and population density, that allows the monitoring of population in settlements and estimating human and environment exposure to various risks. It enables multi-scale integrated policy analysis thanks to the harmonisation of the data and typologies. The GHSL 1x1 km2 data were used for the first time to analyse Arctic population dynamics, settlement and urbanisation patterns from circumpolar, national and administrative to local levels. Results provide a spatially detailed and cross-scale documentation of the peculiarities and diversity of Arctic population patterns in a robust and consistent way. In a further step, they will be used together with other data layers to monitor both environmental and human threats in selected natural, managed and human systems of interest in the Arctic, such as cities, coastal areas, river basins and vulnerable ecosystems.
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  • 13.
    book.ebook
    Electromagnetic emissions from mobile networks and potential effect on health [er] : preliminary study. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    Radio Frequency (RF) Electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from mobile phone networks and possible adverse health impact is an issue causing much concern among citizens and several public bodies. Despite extensive research on this subject, many questions have remained unanswered due to methodological inconsistencies and lack of data. This report provides a preliminary analysis, including a literature survey of recent government and research activities into the health impact of RF EMF exposure. This report also attempts to explore a possible relationship between RF EMFs and incidence of brain cancer based on publicly available national datasets. The preliminary results, presented in this paper do not reveal any such relationship, but more work is necessary to overcome the limitations of the existing data. The findings of the empirical study show that the level of uncertainties in the current state of art are still very high, and the report recommends pro-active initiatives, such as the collection of better quality data, standardization of experimentation protocols and collaboration between interdisciplinary research groups, that could improve the state of play. Finally, further research on the EMF exposure in mmWave frequency bands and any effects on human health (and possibly the environment) is recommended to supplement the current knowledge.
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  • 14.
    book.ebook
    Inter-laboratory comparison of computational fluid dynamics codes for PEM fuel cell modelling [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    An inter-laboratory comparison of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes exercise for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell modelling was performed to assess modelling accuracy. Since PEM fuel cell models require a multi-physics approach involving many different phenomena, a simple comparison with experimental polarisation curves is not sufficient for the identification of the individual sources of errors the simulation software. Therefore, this report presents a methodology based on the comparison of partial simulation results. The report introduces first the list physical models available for the simulation of fuel cell phenomena. It describes then in details reference numerical test cases. Finally, it provides an example of application showing that by this approach, it is possible to verify any simulation software for PEM fuel cells, including commercial systems, without access to the source code.
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  • 15.
    book.ebook
    Study on sustainable and resilient supply of medical radioisotopes in the EU [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report presents an overview of the current use of radionuclides for medical therapy in Europe as well as an estimate on the amounts being used. It also provides the expert opinion of more than 200 professionals in the field of nuclear medicine and radiopharmacy on future growth potential of the use of therapeutic radionuclides. The research signals the paucity of information, and reiterates the call for joint European efforts for more reliable data. While historical practice in radionuclide therapy has not led to major supply concerns, the imminent approval of certain treatment options (for example PSMA linked to Lutetium-177 for prostate cancer) may lead to a rise in demand for Lutetium and other radionuclides that may pose challenges to European radionuclide producers. The shutdown of European research reactors without immediate replacement capacity, as well as a general ageing of the infrastructure is an unsolved issue that also requires concerted European action. While the market for therapeutic radionuclides is currently still small in comparison to the market for diagnostic radionuclides, the use of radiopharmaceuticals promises advances in the treatment of cancer. At the same time, technological developments for the production of these radionuclides are still uncertain and in early stages of market readiness. Supply is not fully secured, as the market is new and volatile. Future market developments are influenced by national reimbursement systems in reaction to radiopharmaceutical pricing, as well as complicated regulations that are determined by both radiation protection and pharmaceutical directives.
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  • 16.
    book.ebook
    Monitoring SMEs performance in Europe [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The European Commission’s Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW), with the scientific support by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), assesses the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Europe. We study performance in eleven principles: (1) Entrepreneurship, (2) ‘Second chance’, (3) ‘Think small first’, (4) ‘Responsive administration’, (5) State aid & public procurement, (6) Access to finance, (7) Single market, (8) Skills and innovation, (9) Environment, (10) Internationalization and (11) Digitalization. This JRC technical report describes the underlying rationale for the quantitative measurement of these principles. It discusses the methodological approach to calculate how countries perform in the outlined principles. This takes into account the choice of the indicators, the data quality controls (including missing data and outliers), normalization and weightings, and the statistical coherence and robustness checks of the 2020 edition.
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  • 17.
    book.ebook
    Non-tariff measures (NTMs) and intra-African trade [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    Recently, African countries signed the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) to provide a single continental market for goods and services with free movement of people and investments and to accelerate intra-Africa trade. African countries recognised the significance of non-tariff measures (NTMs) in achieving the AfCFTA objectives and adopted an Annex to the agreement specifically dedicated to eliminating NTMs, i.e., all those policy measures other than ordinary customs tariffs that can have an effect on trade. Although NTMs will be crucial to the success of AfCFTA, a proper estimation of the expected trade cost reductions associated with NTM eliminations on intra-African trade is lacking. This study examines the impact of NTMs on intra-African trade by exhaustively reviewing databases of previous ad-valorem equivalent (AVE) estimates of NTMs applied by African countries in agri-food products and by providing estimates of NTM trade impacts for sectors and regions of special relevance. The report finds a systematic trade-restricting effect arising from the application of both technical and non-technical measures with a tendency for the latter to be more trade-restrictive. It also finds remarkable deviations in estimated AVEs for Africa from the overall means in the sample of countries. Finally, the estimates highlight that the main hotspots for NTMs in intra-African trade would be in sectors like rice and sugar, while the main policy actions need to address non-technical measures.
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  • 18.
    book.ebook
    Analysing the digital capacity of Spanish schools using SELFIE [er] : an early diagnosis for a better response to COVID and beyond. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The digitalisation of education systems is a political and social priority at European level. This report summarises the results of an inter-institutional study (European Commission JRC and Spanish Ministry of Education and VET) on the digital capacity of Spanish schools using the questionnaires of the European SELFIE tool in a representative sample of 6040 school leaders, teachers and students from 492 primary and secondary schools. The data show that, in general, the first steps of the digitalisation process have already been completed, therefore areas such as supportive uses of internet for preparation of lessons and existence of basic infrastructure obtain high scores. On the other hand, data also show areas where there is more room for improvement such as collaborative uses of digital technologies, or its application in innovative assessment procedures. The results are useful to Spanish schools that have participated in SELFIE to contextualise and interpret better their own school-report results in the light of results of similar schools. They are also useful to obtain a pre-COVID baseline situation on the digitalisation of schools that can guide policies in a pandemic situation where digital technologies play a more important role. Finally, the experience and results presented here can be useful to governments, organisations and stakeholders considering to conduct a similar exercise using the SELFIE tool.
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  • 19.
    book.ebook
    BiodiverCities [er] : a roadmap to enhance the biodiversity and green infrastructure of European cities by 2030 : progress report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    BiodiverCities, a European Parliament pilot, aims to improve civil society participation in planning decision-making with respect to urban biodiversity, the nature in and around cities. The project has two main strands of work. Firstly, BiodiverCities collects practical examples of how to engage citizens in vision building around urban nature, monitoring, and solutions to improve urban biodiversity. Thirteen cities participate to BiodiverCities with local projects on citizen engagement or with case studies on mapping urban biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local activities include enhancing public participation in greening projects, vision building, or citizen science and participatory mapping of urban nature. A second strand of work is the mapping of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services at European scale. Urban biodiversity has been mapped using iNaturalist, a global species observation platform based on citizen science. More than 25,000 species have been observed inside Europe’s functional urban areas, of which 130 species, mostly insects, plants and birds, are found in almost every city. Modelling urban temperatures showed that green infrastructure cool European cities by 1.6°C on average, and up to 4°C. Mapping the recreation opportunities in urban green spaces revealed that 44% of citizens did not have enough nature-based daily recreation opportunities. BiodiverCities contributed also to indicator development for the Green City Accord, a movement of European mayors committed to making cities greener and healthier
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  • 20.
    book.ebook
    Circular economy perspectives in the EU textile sector [er] : final report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This study aims to provide information about circular economy perspectives in the management of textile products and textile waste in the European Union (EU). The report improves the understanding of current value chains in the manufacturing and retailing of apparel products in the EU and provides a detailed picture of material flows in the EU textile sector in a global context. This includes an overview of the size of the textile processing industry in the EU in terms of turnover, employment, number and size of companies, and the EU's share of the global industry. Then, an accurate picture is drawn of the volume (tonnes) and value (Euros) of new fibres, yarns, fabrics and textile products (apparel and household textiles) produced in the EU and traded with the rest of the world. This is complemented by a detailed look at the volumes of post consumer textiles available for collection, reuse and recycling in EU countries, based on available data. This mapping serves as a preview of the upcoming challenges associated with the increased collection and processing of post-consumer textiles, foreseen as a result of mandatory obligations for the separate collection of textile waste in 2025. Furthermore, it identifies needs for planning the new fibre-to-fibre recycling capacity. This study also provides information on current industrial practice in the EU for the collection, sorting and preparation of post-consumer textiles for reuse and recycling. Both currently installed and emerging technologies for the recycling of textile fabrics and apparel are mapped in order to provide a snapshot of the state of the art of available technologies that are expected to cope with the increased amount of textile waste towards 2025. The study details existing capacities for the collection and sorting of old textiles in Europe, and describes recycling technologies that are at a relatively high technological maturity level in order to estimate future sorting and recycling capacities. In order to minimise overlaps with an ongoing study commissioned by DG GROW about textile recycling technologies, the review of recycling technologies in this study mainly focuses on the core principles of each technology type and provides examples of that technology type in operation. On this basis, the challenges that exist with regard to the sorting and recycling technologies in terms of achieving a more circular economy will be addressed. With regard to the perspectives of the circular economy in the textile sector, the study collects and examines established and newly emerging circular business models that have the potential to make the value chain for the European textile and clothing market and the post-consumer textiles sector more circular. Knowledge on existing and emerging practices of repair, reuse and recycling of textile products is presented and analysed with a view to ascertaining how these activities can contribute to increasing the circular economy in the EU. This provides a basis for identifying which options show the greatest potential, and for understanding which policy interventions, if any, could help shift the textile sector towards increased circularity. The study concludes with an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the textiles production and consumption system in two scenarios: 1) the prevalence of a linear economy model and 2) a projected circular economy scenario. On this basis, the opportunities for and threats to the current textile sector, including the post-consumer textile collection, sorting, reuse and recycling industries, are examined in their entirety. Existing and emerging circular economy models are analysed in the same way.
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