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  • 1.
    book.ebook
    Regional measures under risk preparedness in the electricity sector [er] : practical tools and information for the preparation of the risk preparedness plan. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This study addresses the regional dimension of electricity crises management in the European Union and elaborates on the national and regional rules and procedures that are relevant for the definition of target measures and regional cooperation agreements. In this context, we identify the essential elements for the prevention, preparation for and management of a crisis as a practical guide for the preparation of the risk preparedness plan, with the objective to extend and develop the European Commission’s Recommendations (EU) 2020/1775 (European Commission, 2020b). This analysis is based on a number of regulatory documents - like the guideline on electricity transmission system operation and the network code on emergency and restoration - and other studies on the most frequent causes of outages, the associated effective remedial actions, the best practices in crisis management, and the economic impacts of electricity crises.
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  • 2.
    book.ebook
    Improved modelling framework for assessing the interactions between the energy, agriculture, forestry and land use change sectors [er] : integrating the CAPRI, LUISA-BEES, CBM and POTEnCIA models. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report is an attempt to develop a modelling framework integrating different sectoral stand-alone models used at the JRC for policy impact assessment in the fields of agriculture, forestry, land use change and energy. The proposed quantitative framework should improve the capability of assessing greenhouse gas emissions and removals resulting from complex interactions between the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors, and facilitate the analysis of policy scenarios relevant for a sustainable and carbon-neutral European economy. Four models are considered, for which a revised model specification and harmonization of relevant databases and model parameters is needed. The Common Agricultural Policy Regionalized Impact (CAPRI) Modelling System is a widely used large-scale multi-commodity agricultural economic model. The Land Use-based Integrated Sustainability Assessment modelling platform for BioEconomy and Ecosystem Services (LUISA-BEES) is primarily used for the ex-ante evaluation of European policies that have a direct or indirect territorial impact on the agricultural and forestry sectors. The Carbon Budget Model (CBM) is a stand-alone forestry model that simulates forest carbon dynamics. The Policy Oriented Tool for Energy and Climate Change Impact Assessment (POTEnCIA) model depicts a detailed EU energy system combining both techno-economic modules. As a ‘proof of integration’, this report describes the improvement of the CAPRI land use function and harmonization of related database such as to be linked to the output from the LUISA-BEES model. Moreover, forestry area projections and related carbon removals in CAPRI are improved by using direct information from the CBM model. Last but not least, the POTEnCIA model is improved by parameterizing a first generation biofuel supply curve based on CAPRI simulations. In order to test the proposed modelling framework, the report proposes a set of exploratory policy scenarios based on each model’s capabilities: reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, expansion of biofuel mandates and carbon pricing (CAPRI); implementation of spatially explicit sustainability criteria for the plantation of energy crops and afforestation (LUISA-BEES), different levels of forest harvesting (CBM) and strong decarbonisation policies (POTEnCIA).
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  • 3.
    book.ebook
    Analysis of the annual reports 2020 under the Energy Efficiency Directive [er] : summary report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report discusses the progress towards the 2020 Energy Efficiency targets and the implementation of the provisions of the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED), providing an overview of the main energy trends in the European Union with special focus on the period 2005-2018. It is based on the latest available EUROSTAT data and on the information provided by Member States in their Annual Reports 2020 submitted under the EED. Our analysis has shown that 2015 was a turning point for the progress towards the energy efficiency targets due to a reversal in the preceding 5-year declining consumption trend of 2010-2014. Final energy consumption increased mildly in 2015 and continued to rise in 2016, 2017 and 2018; the latest increase in 2018 point to a gap of 3.5% with respect to the EU final energy consumption target of 2020. Primary energy consumption decreased slightly in 2018 leading to a gap of 4.6% with respect to EU 2020 target. At end-use level, rising energy consumption in transport and industry were the main causes of this progress slowdown. The assessment of the 2020Annual Reports generally confirmed good progress with regards to implementation of various provisions the Energy Efficiency Directive including those stipulated in Article 7 on energy efficiency obligations. While a few Member States reported new measures which can be viewed positively in light of the need to narrow the gap towards the targets, more intensified policy efforts are needed. Beyond the various information gaps identified by this report, our analysis suggests that achieving central government requirements on energy efficiency may be challenging and accelerated efforts across all sectors are crucial in ensuring that sufficient progress is made in the coming years.
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  • 4.
    book.ebook
    Improving energy efficiency in electricity networks [er] : addressing network losses & EU regulations under Article 15 (2) (a) of the Energy Efficiency Directive. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report focuses on the energy efficiency of electricity distribution networks mainly from the perspective of network losses. As proposed in Article 15 of the revised Energy Efficiency Directive, the European Commission after consulting relevant stakeholders, should prepare a common methodology in order to encourage network operators to reduce losses, implement a cost-efficient and energy efficient infrastructure investment programme and properly account for the energy efficiency and flexibility of the grid. This two-part report focuses on the status of regulatory policies in the EU-28 and recommendations that can be followed by the Member States in order to improve their grid efficiency. This first part of the report focuses on the electricity grids, with the interaction between regulation and network losses being conceptually analysed with the presently available regulation schemes and a survey on some research proposal being presented. After a brief introduction on the main standing-points of the EU framework, a comparative analysis of the regulation in EU member states is outlined. The ”players’ perspective” in terms of the opinion of crucial EU stakeholders and leading experts in EU are assessed thought a set of interviews of which the outcomes are presented. Finally, some recommendations for Member States and conclusions are drawn.
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  • 5.
    book.ebook
    Preparatory study for solar photovoltaic modules, inverters and systems [er] : final report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    As announced in the ‘European Green Deal’, decarbonisation of the EU energy system is crucial to reach Europe’s climate objectives. To this extent, a power sector largely based on renewable sources must be developed, complemented by a rapid phasing out of coal and by decarbonising gas. In particular, the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU establishes a binding renewable energy target for the EU for 2030 of at least 32% of the Union’s gross final consumption in 2030, with an upwards revision clause by 2023. To reach that goal of 32%, the cumulative solar photovoltaic capacity in the EU and the UK would need to increase to 455–605 GW, corresponding to an increase of four times the current capacity in the EU. It is therefore imperative that newly installed photovoltaic products in the European Union do not create new future burdens on the environment. In this context, regulatory measures in the field of sustainable product policy will play an instrumental role ensuring the environmental sustainability of photovoltaics by improving their environmental performance as well as their energy yield, while reducing the overall life cycle environmental footprint. This preparatory study offers a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment for photovoltaic products in order to provide policy makers with the evidence basis for assessing whether to implement four policy instruments: Ecodesign, Energy Label, Ecolabel and Green Public Procurement (GPP). It evaluates the feasibility of the application to solar photovoltaic modules, inverters and systems and their significance for the EU sustainable policy. The study comprises a comprehensive analysis of these three photovoltaic products using the Methodology for Ecodesign of Energy related Products, with the aim to develop a research evidence base to feed into decision making on the aforementioned policy instruments.
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  • 6.
    book
    Technology and democracy : understanding the influence of online technologies on political behaviour and decision-making. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Drawing from many disciplines, the report adopts a behavioural psychology perspective to argue that “social media changes people’s political behaviour”. Four pressure points are identified and analysed in detail: the attention economy; choice architectures; algorithmic content curation; and mis/disinformation. Policy implications are outlined in detail.
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  • 7.
    book.ebook
    Technology and democracy [er] : understanding the influence of online technologies on political behaviour and decision-making. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Drawing from many disciplines, the report adopts a behavioural psychology perspective to argue that “social media changes people’s political behaviour”. Four pressure points are identified and analysed in detail: the attention economy; choice architectures; algorithmic content curation; and mis/disinformation. Policy implications are outlined in detail.
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  • 8.
    book.ebook
    Decarbonising the EU heating sector [er] : integration of the power and heating sector. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2019.
    Summary
    The heating and cooling sector has been recognised, by the EC, as a priority to achieve the decarbonisation and energy efficiency targets. Heating and cooling in the built environment accounts for almost 40% of the total final energy demand in Europe. Heating as a predominant end use has strong interconnections with many energy sectors and carriers. Thus, this report focuses on the integration of the heat and power sectors and how an effective integration can contribute to the energy efficiency and the climate change mitigation targets. The first part of the study presents the heating sector in the built environment describing a detailed energy break down, and related costs, emissions and efficiencies. Then, the concept of system integration of heating and power is examined presenting its merits and challenges. The second part of the study focuses on the assessment of two clean transitions pathways of the heating sector, namely electrification of heat and efficient heat and power production and district heating network. Both of them are examined from the power system perspective based on a detailed model of the European power system.
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  • 9.
    book.ebook
    Projected freshwater needs of the energy sector in the European Union and the UK [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The aim of this technical report is to provide projections of future freshwater demands of the energy sector (primary energy supply and transformation in power plants and oil refineries) in the EU and the United Kingdom. The projections are estimated by the combination of water withdrawal and consumption factors for different energy technologies under six energy scenarios. The national projections are disaggregated at NUTS2 level.
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  • 10.
    book.ebook
    The socio-economic impacts of the closure of the Groningen gas field [er] : challenges and opportunities of the energy transition. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    During the year 2019 the DG Joint Research Centre offered scientific support to the Cities of Northern Netherlands in their transition towards the closure of the Groningen gas field. This study reports on the assessment of the regional socio-economic impacts deriving from the closure of the gas field planned by 2022. This analysis served as a framework for evaluating the impacts and as an information tool for the local authorities on how to plan the steps towards a successful transition and a new socio-economic development. Although the energy sector is not new to experiences such as the closure of big extracting facilities, the analysis of the impacts on the regional economy, employment and the energy sector remains a challenging task. The scientific literature does not provide with a tested universal approach to the study of these impacts. SWOT analysis, input-output models are the most common methodologies. To assess the regional socio-economic impacts of the closure of the gas field in Groningen we adopted at step-wise approach starting from the analysis of the decision of the Dutch government announced in 2018 and followed up in September 2019. We then study the natural gas value chain from the point of view of the business activities in the territory and the jobs at risk. Finally we analyse the opportunities set out in the energy development plans in place or announced by the local authorities. To complement the assessment of future possible developments in the region, we also took into account in the analysis other energy production potentials from clean sources and the opportunities of gas infrastructure reuse. The result of our work was presented at the final conference held in Leeuwarden in December 2019. The work helped the local authorities of the Northern Netherlands in defining a road map for the industrial and economic transition required to adapt to a situation in which no natural gas will be extracted.
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  • 11.
    book.ebook
    Smart grid interoperability laboratory a toolkit for smart energy management [er] : towards the smart house. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    In this technical report, we introduce a Python based toolkit intended to act as an Energy Management System (EMS) for Smart Buildings. EMS are called to play an important role in the buildings of the future by addressing interoperability problems, improving energy efficiency and user comfort. The package presented in this report provides the mathematical and data pre-processing tools to leverage existent Home Automation software into fully-fledged EMS. The package is developed in the Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory (SGIL) of the JRC in Petten, the Netherlands, where it has been tested. An example that is deployed in the laboratory is provided in this report.
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  • 12.
    book.ebook
    Analysis of the annual reports 2019 under the Energy Efficiency Directive [er] : summary report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report discusses the progress towards the 2020 Energy Efficiency targets and the implementation of the provisions of the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED), providing an overview of the main energy trends in the European Union with special focus on the period 2005-2017. It is based on the latest available EUROSTAT data and on the information provided by Member States in their Annual Reports 2019 submitted under the EED. Our analysis has shown that 2015 was a turning point for the progress towards the energy efficiency targets due to a reversal in the preceding 5-year declining consumption trend of 2010-2014. Energy consumption increased mildly in 2015 and continued to rise in 2016 and 2017; the latest increase in 2017 point to a gap of 3.4% and 5.3% with respect to the EU final and primary energy consumption targets of 2020, respectively. At end-use level, rising energy consumption in transport and industry were the main causes of this progress slowdown. The assessment of the 2019 Annual Reports generally confirmed good progress with regards to implementation of various provisions the Energy Efficiency Directive including those stipulated in Article 7 on energy efficiency obligations. While a few Member States reported new measures which can be viewed positively in light of the need to narrow the gap towards the targets, more intensified policy efforts are needed. Beyond the various information gaps identified by this report, our analysis suggests that achieving central government requirements on energy efficiency may be challenging and accelerated efforts across all sectors are crucial in ensuring that sufficient progress is made in the coming years.
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  • 13.
    book.ebook
    Towards net-zero emissions in the EU energy system by 2050 [er] : insights from scenarios in line with the 2030 and 2050 ambitions of the European Green Deal. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report presents a comparison of 8 scenarios achieving more than 50% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, and 16 scenarios aiming at climate neutrality by 2050, similar with the ambitions of the “European Green Deal”. This abstract summarises insights into similar and diverging elements of the scenarios on how the EU energy system may change by 2030 and by 2050, compared to today. The wealth of information, stemming from how different organisations see the EU energy system to evolve within their own scenario context, can provide useful input to EU climate and energy strategie.
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  • 14.
    book
    Towards net-zero emissions in the EU energy system by 2050 : insights from scenarios in line with the 2030 and 2050 ambitions of the European Green Deal. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report presents a comparison of 8 scenarios achieving more than 50% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990, and 16 scenarios aiming at climate neutrality by 2050, similar with the ambitions of the “European Green Deal”. This abstract summarises insights into similar and diverging elements of the scenarios on how the EU energy system may change by 2030 and by 2050, compared to today. The wealth of information, stemming from how different organisations see the EU energy system to evolve within their own scenario context, can provide useful input to EU climate and energy strategie.
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  • 15.
    book.ebook
    Life cycle assessment of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies [er] : inventory of work performed by projects funded under FCH JU. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report is the public version of the deliverable B.3.7 "Life cycle assessment of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies - Inventory of work performed by projects funded under FCH JU"; it provides an overview of the progress achieved so far and a comprehensive analysis on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for various hydrogen technologies and processes. The review considers 73 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU) funded projects: for some of those the LCA study was requested in the call topic, while other projects decided to perform the LCA study on a voluntary basis. The LCAs have been assessed regarding the adherence to guideline recommendations (e.g. reported properties, system boundary definitions, goal and scope definitions), methodology and overall quality of the work. Methodology is a critical issue for the comparability of results, as this is only possible if all LCAs follow the same guidelines; in addition, LCAs were often only partially fulfilling the selected guideline requirements. It is recommended that future FCH 2 JU call topics asking for environmental analysis to be performed are setting out some minimum requirements, such as the guidelines to be used and the impacts to be assessed. Based on the outcome of this analysis, a harmonisation effort in the approach to LCA for the FCH JU funded projects is proposed; in particular a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database useful for the projects is required togheter with the identification of a reference cases to be used as benchmark for future LCAs.
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  • 16.
    book.ebook
    State of the art on alternative fuels transport systems in the European Union [er] : 2020 update. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The Commission adopted on 11 December 2019 the “European Green Deal”. The Green Deal sets the overall ambition of transforming the EU into a fair and prosperous society, with a modern, competitive economy, where there are no net-emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in 2050, a decoupling of economic growth from resource use and a preservation of natural capital. Prior to the Green Deal, the Commission analysed possible pathways to a climate-neutral economy as part of the work carried out in the context of the Commission’s proposal for a Long-Term Climate Strategy in line with the Paris Agreement. The analysis demonstrates the needs for substantive efforts in all parts of the economy, also for transport
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  • 17.
    book.ebook
    Smart grid interoperability laboratory [er] : annual report 2019. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory in Petten was inaugurated on 29 November 2018. The Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory is designed to foster a common European approach to interoperable digital energy, focussing on the smart home, community and city levels. The facility in Petten is part of a larger activity of the JRC, as the science and knowledge service of the European Commission, encompassing electric vehicles, smart grids and batteries. The activities in 2019 are highlighted in this report.
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  • 18.
    book.ebook
    Workshop on lifecycle analysis of fuel cell and H2 technologies [er] : summary of the main outcomes. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report provides a summary of the main outcomes of a workshop on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Fuel Cells and H2 Technologies organised by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC). The goal of the workshop was to identify critical requirements, to discuss a common approach to LCA of Fuel Cells and H2 Technologies and to propose the creation of a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database useful for the projects performing LCAs.
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  • 19.
    book.ebook
    An operational anthropogenic CO2 emissions monitoring & verification system [er] : baseline requirements, model components and functional architecture. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2017.
    Summary
    The Monitoring and Verification Support (MVS) capacity is a technical capacity to provide support to the policy makers and the scientific community. The MVS aims at supplying extra evidence on the emissions levels and trends, coupling anthropogenic activities and associated emissions with the atmospheric patterns in greenhouse gas concentrations. The MVS thus intends to support enhancing the quality of national greenhouse gas emission inventories and complement the data available under the UNFCCC measurement, reporting and verification framework. The MVS will include top-down verification of emissions using independent atmospheric observations and, in particular, observations acquired by spaceborne sensors at high temporal and spatial resolutions all over the globe.
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  • 20.
    book
    Covenant of mayors : 2019 assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Cities and local authorities are key players in addressing climate change. The Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (CoM) has been the first initiative of its kind addressing local authorities to endorse their efforts in the implementation of sustainable energy and climate policies and to provide them with a harmonised data compilation, methodological and reporting framework, supporting them in translating mitigation and adaptation goals into reality. This report provides a scientific assessment of CoM regarding the pillars of mitigation and adaptation of climate change. The assessment describes the plans submitted by signatories, examines planned and implemented policies and gives an overview on the progresses in terms of energy consumption, GHG emission reduction and resilience increase. The key findings show that the overall commitment to reducing GHG emissions by signatories is 30% by 2020 and 47% by 2030, compared to baseline emissions projected to 2005. These commitments are more ambitious than the minimum requested targets. The adaptation pillar shows a recent reporting framework, therefore, further analysis in the future is needed once the number of signatories increases. The hazards reported the most in EU cities are extreme heat and droughts while the sectors at risk of impacts are reported to be water and health. Nevertheless, a clear gap exists between the hazards impacting specific sectors and sectors where actions are planned and implemented. A further development of the structure of the adaptation pillar and reporting system in place may support in bridging this gap.
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