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1.

BiodiverCities [er] : a roadmap to enhance the biodiversity and green infrastructure of European cities by 2030 : progress report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

BiodiverCities, a European Parliament pilot, aims to improve civil society participation in planning decision-making with respect to urban biodiversity, the nature in and around cities. The project has two main strands of work. Firstly, BiodiverCities collects practical examples of how to engage citizens in vision building around urban nature, monitoring, and solutions to improve urban biodiversity. Thirteen cities participate to BiodiverCities with local projects on citizen engagement or with case studies on mapping urban biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local activities include enhancing public participation in greening projects, vision building, or citizen science and participatory mapping of urban nature. A second strand of work is the mapping of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services at European scale. Urban biodiversity has been mapped using iNaturalist, a global species observation platform based on citizen science. More than 25,000 species have been observed inside Europe’s functional urban areas, of which 130 species, mostly insects, plants and birds, are found in almost every city. Modelling urban temperatures showed that green infrastructure cool European cities by 1.6°C on average, and up to 4°C. Mapping the recreation opportunities in urban green spaces revealed that 44% of citizens did not have enough nature-based daily recreation opportunities. BiodiverCities contributed also to indicator development for the Green City Accord, a movement of European mayors committed to making cities greener and healthier

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2.

Marine Strategy Framework Directive [er] : review and analysis of EU Member States’ 2018 reports : Descriptor 6, Sea-floor integrity and Descriptor 1, Benthic habitats : Assessment (Art.8), Good Environmental Status (Art. 9) and Targets (Art. 10). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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3.

Revision of the EU green public procurement (GPP) criteria for computers and monitors (and extension to smartphones) [er] : technical report v3.0 : final criteria. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report is the final science for policy report supporting the revision of the EU Green Public Procurement (GPP) Criteria for Computers and Monitors, and the extension of these criteria to Smartphones. These EU GPP Criteria aim at helping public authorities to ensure that ICT equipment and services are procured in such a way that they deliver environmental improvements that contribute to European policy objectives for energy, climate change and resource efficiency, as well as reducing life cycle costs. The revision process has taken into account market and technical developments as well as the experience gained by stakeholders in the application of the previous version of criteria. These criteria for computers, monitors, tablets and smartphones focus on the most significant environmental impacts during their life cycle, which have been divided into four distinct areas: product lifetime extension; energy consumption; hazardous substances; end-of-life management. This set of criteria also includes a further category of criteria that apply to separate procurements for refurbished/remanufactured devices and related services. For each area of focus, one or more criteria are provided, accompanied by the background technical rationale and a summary of the stakeholder contributions that support the final version of each criterion. Procurers can apply the criteria and engage tenderers to reduce the life cycle environmental impacts of their activities, focusing on those areas presenting the most improvement opportunities from cost and market perspectives and for which performance can be verified. The identified procurement processes and final green criteria are also described in a separate document, published as a Staff Working Document of the Commission: SWD(2021) 57 final. Together these two documents aim to provide public authorities with orientation on how to effectively integrate these EU GPP criteria into their procurement processes.

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4.

EU ecosystem assessment [er] : summary for policymakers. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit. The EU ecosystem assessment analysed the following ecosystems: urban ecosystems, agroecosystems (cropland and grassland), forests, wetlands, heathlands and shrubs, sparsely vegetated lands (beaches, dunes, rocky areas in mountains), rivers and lakes, and marine ecosystems. The boundaries between ecosystem types are often more difficult to draw than this simple classification suggests. For instance, peatlands are considered wetlands but often used and classified as forests or agroecosystems. The EU ecosystem assessment used the Corine Land Cover information system to classify (based on EUNIS habitat classification) and map ecosystems but for wetlands, floodplains and urban areas also dedicated boundaries were drawn. The different ecosystems cover the full EU territory [...]. Ecosystem services are the contributions of ecosystems to economic, social, cultural and other benefits that people derive from ecosystems. For instance, pollination, the provision of food, timber and clean air, water filtration, carbon sequestration and storage or nature-based recreation are all ecosystem services. The above definitions are set in the EU Directives mentioned above (for ecosystem status) as well as in Regulation (EU) 2020/8522 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment.

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5.

EU ecosystem assessment : summary for policymakers. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit. The EU ecosystem assessment analysed the following ecosystems: urban ecosystems, agroecosystems (cropland and grassland), forests, wetlands, heathlands and shrubs, sparsely vegetated lands (beaches, dunes, rocky areas in mountains), rivers and lakes, and marine ecosystems. The boundaries between ecosystem types are often more difficult to draw than this simple classification suggests. For instance, peatlands are considered wetlands but often used and classified as forests or agroecosystems. The EU ecosystem assessment used the Corine Land Cover information system to classify (based on EUNIS habitat classification) and map ecosystems but for wetlands, floodplains and urban areas also dedicated boundaries were drawn. The different ecosystems cover the full EU territory [...]. Ecosystem services are the contributions of ecosystems to economic, social, cultural and other benefits that people derive from ecosystems. For instance, pollination, the provision of food, timber and clean air, water filtration, carbon sequestration and storage or nature-based recreation are all ecosystem services. The above definitions are set in the EU Directives mentioned above (for ecosystem status) as well as in Regulation (EU) 2020/8522 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment.

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6.

Overview of the existing STI for SDGs roadmapping methodologies : background paper. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This background paper serves as an Annex to the United Nation’s Guidebook for the Preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs Roadmaps. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the existing methodologies and approaches that can be used to develop the Roadmaps. While the first framework for STI for SDGs Roadmaps has been proposed in the UN Guidebook, multiple United Nations (UN) Agencies and other organisations have developed approaches over the years that can successfully support different steps in the new methodology, depending on the capacity and specific needs of interested countries, subnational territories or international partnerships.

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7.

Overview of the existing STI for SDGs roadmapping methodologies [er] : background paper. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This background paper serves as an Annex to the United Nation’s Guidebook for the Preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs Roadmaps. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the existing methodologies and approaches that can be used to develop the Roadmaps. While the first framework for STI for SDGs Roadmaps has been proposed in the UN Guidebook, multiple United Nations (UN) Agencies and other organisations have developed approaches over the years that can successfully support different steps in the new methodology, depending on the capacity and specific needs of interested countries, subnational territories or international partnerships.

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8.

Guidebook for the preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This Guidebook is intended for interested national and local governments, agencies and institutions that wish to use roadmaps as a policy tool to harness STI as a means to achieve the SDGs. It may also be of interest to stakeholders taking part in the dialogue – an essential stage in design, implementation, monitoring and adjustment of the STI for SDGs Roadmaps – and to a wider public audience wishing to advance global and national SDG agendas. The Guidebook first focuses on the design stage of the roadmaps, demonstrating that the design underpins effective implementation and monitoring.

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9.

Guidebook for the preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This Guidebook is intended for interested national and local governments, agencies and institutions that wish to use roadmaps as a policy tool to harness STI as a means to achieve the SDGs. It may also be of interest to stakeholders taking part in the dialogue – an essential stage in design, implementation, monitoring and adjustment of the STI for SDGs Roadmaps – and to a wider public audience wishing to advance global and national SDG agendas. The Guidebook first focuses on the design stage of the roadmaps, demonstrating that the design underpins effective implementation and monitoring.

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10.

Pelagic habitats under the MSFD D1 [er] : scientific advice of policy relevance : recommendations to frame problems and solutions for the pelagic habitats’ assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Pelagic habitats are a policy priority below Descriptor 1 (Biodiversity) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). They are addressed under the D1C6 criterion, stating “the condition of the habitat type, including its biotic and abiotic structure and its functions…, is not adversely affected due to anthropogenic pressures”. The evaluation of pelagic habitats status is challenged by the functional and structural characteristics of pelagic habitat diversity and processes. To date, pelagic habitats assessments are lacking in common criteria and methodologies that characterize the habitat while accounting for the effects of anthropogenic pressures to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES). It is therefore necessary to prioritise communication between scientific and policy communities and frame pelagic research to agree on common methods and approaches at regional or EU scale. This is key for achieving harmonised and comparable pelagic assessments for the MSFD. This report summarizes the outcomes on the assessment workflow of pelagic habitats of the JRC “MSFD pelagic habitats” workshop (9th and 10th March 2021), and the need for coordinated evaluations of the scientific challenges of policy relevance. Recommendations on the MSFD implementation of D1C6, that were generated from the experts during the workshop, will be communicated to the MSFD policy groups and the EU Member States competent authorities to support future harmonised assessment of pelagic habitats.

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11.

Marine Strategy Framework Directive [er] : review and analysis of EU Member States’ 2018 reports : Descriptor 7, permanent alteration of hydrographical conditions does not adversely affect marine ecosystem : Assessment (Art. 8), Good Environmental Status (Art. 9) and Targets (Art. 10). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The current report analyses the information provided by the European Union Member States (MS) on Descriptor 7 (D7) –permanent alteration of hydrographical conditions does not adversely affect marine ecosystems – of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The reported information by the MS follows the Article 17 requirements of the MSFD for updating Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the Directive, for the last 6-year MSFD reporting cycle. By September 2020, 16 MS reported on D7 in electronic format. Consistency, comparability and adequacy of the reported Art 8 assessments of D7C1 (spatial extent of permanent alteration) and D7C2 (spatial extent of adversely altered benthic habitat) were quite low. Only a few MS reported consistently the extent of impacted area and only one MS also the impacted water volume. We detected several issues that need to be rectified to achieve comparable assessments across MS: the assessment parameters, methods and period varied significantly, as well as the provided information levels. Further the assessment from several MS must be considered incomplete and superficial as the environmental impact from well know new structures as for example Nord Stream seems not to be considered in the reporting.

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12.

Integration methods for Marine Strategy Framework Directive's biodiversity assessments [er] : Descriptor 1, species European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report reviews the integration methods for MSFD biodiversity assessments under Descriptor 1 for species that are not covered by the Habitats Directive and are not commercial fish assessed under Descriptor 3 and used in Descriptor 1 assessments. It was carried out by experts from the MSFD Biodiversity expert network, which is coordinated by the JRC. It constitutes a knowledge base to support MSFD Article 8 assessments by evaluating the methods to integrate assessments of species at different levels: i) criteria to species, ii) species to species group, and iii) species groups/species to ecosystem component. Real data and realistic estimates were used to provide a robust evaluation of the main MSFD integration approaches, i.e. one out all out, proportional method, averages, weighted averages, and conditional rules. Results show that integration methods have advantages and disadvantages depending on the level of integration, the species group (including threatened species), and the available indicators for primary and secondary criteria. Therefore, different scenarios are proposed and evaluated from criteria to ecosystem components, for fish and bird species groups. To conclude, a common integration approach is feasible, when it is based on the commonly agreed ecological impact of each D1 criterion to the species groups, and can be used in all regions.

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13.

Marine Strategy Framework Directive [er ] : review and analysis of Member States’ 2018 reports : Descriptor 8 Contaminants in the environment, Descriptor 9 Contaminants in seafood : Assessment (Art. 8), Good Environmental Status (Art. 9) and Targets (Art. 10). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

EU Member States (MS) have reported under Article 17 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) for updating Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the Directive, for the last 6-year reporting cycle (2012-2018). This report analyses the information on MSFD Descriptor 8 (Contaminants are at a level not giving rise to pollution effects) and Descriptor 9 (Contaminants in fish and other seafood for human consumption do not exceed levels established by Community legislation or other relevant standards). Information has been retrieved from 21 MS (out of the 22 EU MS with a sea border). This analysis evaluates the consistency and comparability among MS and marine regions in the consideration of different elements and parameters concerning D8 and D9 and in the application of methodological standards for their assessment. The main aim is to highlight gaps and limitations in current assessments, identify items that need further work and provide recommendations for improvement in the next MSFD reporting cycle.

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14.

Marine Strategy Framework Directive [er] : review and analysis of EU Member States’ 2018 reports : descriptor 10 : marine litter. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

EU Member States (MS) have reported under Article 17 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) for updating Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the MSFD, for the reporting cycle 2012-2018. This report analyses the information on MSFD Descriptor 10 (Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment). Information has been retrieved from 21 MS out of the 22 EU MS with a sea border. This report analyses and evaluates the consistency, comparability and adequacy in the elements and parameters concerning the Descriptor 10, the application of methodological standards and the integration of results among MS and European marine regions. The main aim of the present report is to highlight gaps or limitations in current assessment and provides recommendations for improvement in the next MSFD reporting cycle of D10 criteria, GES determination and on the establishment of environmental targets.

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15.

Review and analysis of EU Member States’ 2018 reports [er] : descriptor 1 : pelagic habitats : assessment (Art. 8), good environmental status (Art. 9) and targets (Art. 10). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report builds on the 6-year reporting cycle of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). It presents the main results of the European Union Member States’ (MS) reports on the Descriptor 1, criterion D1C6 – Pelagic habitats - of the MSFD. As such, it serves as reference for the progress on the pelagic habitats as for the assessment (Article 8), determination of good environmental status (Article 9), and establishment of environmental targets (Article 10). The scope of this report is to analyse and evaluate the MS reports from a technical and scientific perspective, to assess good practices and prioritise the gaps. Moreover, the recommendations address key players for improving the implementation of reporting on these articles for pelagic habitats. The findings show that environmental indicators are often used in place of criterion elements (i.e. habitat types), while also being characterized by same source but different thresholds values across marine regions. In a few reporting areas, Good Environmental Status (GES) was declared as achieved but information was lacking on how to discriminate good from not good status. To this end, environmental targets were too qualitative to suitably inform on the state to achieve GES, and to consider relevant pressures quantitatively. In order to improve the MSFD assessments for pelagic habitats, this report underscores the need to: i) cooperate between MS to harmonise the GES definition, ii) establish a coherent set of pelagic habitat types, agreed for each region and preferably across EU (equivalent to the MSFD benthic habitat types in GES Decision Table 2 and linked to EUNIS) that suitably reflect the GES of the pelagic habitat across their spatial and temporal variations, iii) set common agreed indicators to assess the state and pressures of the pelagic habitats at (sub)-region scale, and iv) develop quantitative threshold values for each indicator to allow assessment of progress towards GES.

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16.

Marine Strategy Framework Directive [er] : descriptor 2 : non-indigenous species, review and analyses of Member States' 2018 reports for articles 8, 9, and 10. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The current report analyses the information reported by the European Union Member States (MSs) on the Descriptor 2 (D2) - non indigenous species (NIS) - of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This reporting information by the MSs followed the Article 17 requirements of MSFD for updating Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the Directive, for the last 6-year MSFD reporting cycle. By September 2020, 20 MSs reported on D2 in electronic format. Concerning Article 8, all reporting MSs assessed the the primary criterion D2C1, but only a few MSs assessed the secondary criteria D2C2 and D2C3. The assessment of the D2 criteria was not applied in a coherent manner. In addition, there were large gaps in setting threshold values for the D2 criteria, particularly for the Mediterranean and NE Atlantic countries. Moreover, new NIS introductions (D2C1) were under-reported for most MSs. Only in a few cases Good Environmental Status (GES) was reported as achieved, at specific subregions or local areas and for specific D2 criteria. As far as Article 9 is concerned, GES achievement was not assessed for the majority of MSs due to the lack of threshold values for the criteria and the lack of understanding of the GES Decision regarding achievement for D2. Regarding Article 10, large inconsistency was observed in the way the MSs have set their targets, even at national level. There was a complete lack of regional coordination for setting targets and absence of any joint target. While targets were regularly expressed as a direction towards GES achievement, they provided no quantification toward GES. The present report provides recommendations for the application of D2 criteria, GES determination and on Article 10 targets. The MSFD NIS expert network could provide technical/scientific solutions for tackling the gaps in the assessments of D2. Related work of the Regional Sea Conventions should support this effort.

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17.

Baseline distribution of invasive alien species added to the Union list in 2019 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The EU Regulation 1143/2014/EC (IAS Regulation) recognizes the need for a coordinated set of actions to prevent, control and mitigate Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Europe. The IAS Regulation gives priority to a list of species, named as IAS of Union concern. The current report defines an EU baseline of spatial distribution for the 18 species added to the Union list in 2019, based on the assessment of data aggregated through the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN) in collaboration with the Competent Authorities of 16 EU Member States. The report also provides species traits, which have a key role in biological invasions management. For each IAS, the year and country of first introduction in the EU, the main pathway of introduction, the taxonomic group, the habitat, the origin, and the impact are given. The distribution baseline has revealed that most IAS have been introduced and spread across western EU countries, while their presence is more limited in eastern MS. Several species are already quite widespread across the EU (e.g. Lepomis gibbosus, Ailanthus altissima), other are still rare (e.g. Andropogon virginicus, Arthurdendyus triangulatus) or are completely absent from the EU (Lespedeza cuneata, Lygodium japonicum, Plotosus lineatus, Cortaderia jubata). Most IAS were primarily introduced in the EU through escapes linked with introduction for ornamental purposes, and aquarium trade before the 1950’s. Most of them originate from East Asia. This baseline constitutes an important tool supporting the implementation of the IAS Regulation.

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18.

Marine strategy framework directive, descriptor 2, non-indigenous species [er] : delivering solid recommendations for setting threshold values for non-indigenous species pressure on European seas. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Marine Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) are animals and plants introduced accidently or deliberately into the European seas, originating from other seas of the globe. About 800 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) currently occur in the European Union national marine waters, several of which have negative impacts on marine ecosystem services and biodiversity. Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Descriptor 2 (D2), EU Member States (MSs) need to consider NIS in their marine management strategies. The Descriptor D2 includes one primary criterion (D2C1: new NIS introductions), and two secondary criteria (D2C2 and D2C3). The D2 implementation is characterized by a number of issues and uncertainties which can be applicable to the Descriptor level (e.g. geographical unit of assessment, assessment period, phytoplanktonic, parasitic, oligohaline NIS, etc.), to the primary criterion D2C1 level (e.g. threshold values, cryptogenic, questionable species, etc), and to the secondary criteria D2C2 and D2C3. The current report tackles these issues and provides practical recommendations aiming at a smoother and more efficient implementation of D2 and its criteria at EU level. They constitute a solid operational output which can result in more comparable D2 assessments among MSs and MSFD regions/subregions. When it comes to the policy-side, the current report calls for a number of different categories of NIS to be reported in D2 assessments, pointing the need for the species to be labelled/categorised appropriately in the MSFD reporting by the MSs. These suggestions are proposed to be communicated to the MSFD Working Group of Good Environmental Status (GES) and subsequently to the Marine Strategy Coordination Group (MSCG) of MSFD. Moreover, they can serve as an input for revising the Art. 8 Guidelines.

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19.

Pelagic habitats under MSFD D1 [er] : current approaches and priorities : an overview of approaches towards D1C6 assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report reviews the current situation as regards to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Descriptor 1 (Biodiversity) for pelagic habitats and serves as a basis for a workshop with Member States experts and scientists that will be held on March 9-10 2021. Recommendations are in the concluding section. Pelagic habitats cover the 71% of Earth’s surface and play an essential role in regulating temperature on land, producing oxygen and food. They are also a management challenge where the alterations of their physical, chemical and biological characteristics negatively impact their ecosystem functioning and services (e.g. provisioning services). To address these challenges, the MSFD has required the assessment of pelagic habitats against environmental targets to reach Good Environmental Status (GES). A key step in the pelagic habitat assessment is a thorough understanding of its physical, chemical and biological processes and the drivers that underlie the spatiotemporal variability in its ecologically relevant ecosystem components. However, pelagic assessments to date have not sufficiently addressed the functional and structural characteristics of pelagic habitats processes, which is limiting our ability to inform on their environmental status and to disentangle the anthropogenic drivers. This report evaluates previously published work on pelagic habitats assessments considering the actions and targets to meet the MSFD requirements. To do this, the report (i) summarises the main drivers of variation in pelagic habitat characterization; (ii) reviews the common empirical approaches used to assess pelagic habitats, the advantages, and challenges; and finally (iii) exposes a set of recommendations for characterising pelagic habitats in EU waters. Since the pelagic habitats are made of a highly dynamic fluid, appropriate spatiotemporal scales regarding data and methods must be considered to assess their GES. This applies in particular to the selected indicators to propose the effective and quantifiable GES targets that need to be reached

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20.

Real Driving Emissions (RDE) [er] : 2020 assessment of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) measurement uncertainty. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report describes the 2020 assessment of the margins for the RDE (Real-Driving Emissions) results prescribed in the EURO 6 regulation. Margin is defined as the additional measurement uncertainty introduced by PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) compared to the laboratory systems for a pollutant. The 2020 data collected by a series of EU testing houses showed in general very good performance of the PEMS in terms of NOx zero drift and laboratory validation results. In consequence, the framework to calculate the NOx margin was modified and together with the observed improvement of the exhaust flow meter’s uncertainty, the NOx margin may now be decreased from 0.32 to 0.23. In practical terms, this value covers at least 95% of the worst cases, compared to the 99% of the previous report. The data suggest that further reduction is possible by improving the permissible tolerances for the equipment in the regulation and the method by which the zero drift is taken into account. Under this future scenario the future NOx margin could be reduced to 0.10, but this requires first changes in the regulation. In this report, the framework was further developed to analyse the Particle Number (PN) margin. Based on the analysis of this report the PN margin is now estimated to be 34% (0.34). For further reductions of the PN margin a more holistic approach is necessary (e.g. bringing closer technical and calibration specifications of the PN-PEMS and the reference PMP systems).

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