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1.

Study on sustainable and resilient supply of medical radioisotopes in the EU [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report presents an overview of the current use of radionuclides for medical therapy in Europe as well as an estimate on the amounts being used. It also provides the expert opinion of more than 200 professionals in the field of nuclear medicine and radiopharmacy on future growth potential of the use of therapeutic radionuclides. The research signals the paucity of information, and reiterates the call for joint European efforts for more reliable data. While historical practice in radionuclide therapy has not led to major supply concerns, the imminent approval of certain treatment options (for example PSMA linked to Lutetium-177 for prostate cancer) may lead to a rise in demand for Lutetium and other radionuclides that may pose challenges to European radionuclide producers. The shutdown of European research reactors without immediate replacement capacity, as well as a general ageing of the infrastructure is an unsolved issue that also requires concerted European action. While the market for therapeutic radionuclides is currently still small in comparison to the market for diagnostic radionuclides, the use of radiopharmaceuticals promises advances in the treatment of cancer. At the same time, technological developments for the production of these radionuclides are still uncertain and in early stages of market readiness. Supply is not fully secured, as the market is new and volatile. Future market developments are influenced by national reimbursement systems in reaction to radiopharmaceutical pricing, as well as complicated regulations that are determined by both radiation protection and pharmaceutical directives.

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2.

Development of unit costs for reimbursement of surveillance activities of Animal Health Programmes [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

An EU financial contribution for eradication, control and surveillance programmes (veterinary programmes) can be granted to Member States (MS) based on the provisions of Regulation (EU) No 652/2014. The current methodology to calculate unit costs is based on Commission Decision C(2018) 2315 of 23 April 2018. However, during the first year of application several limitations were identified by both MS and EU officials. This technical report revises the methodologies that have previously been applied for unit cost calculations and develops a methodology for the reimbursement of the eradication, control and surveillance activities of Animal Health Programmes. The new methodology aims at reaching the highest level of administrative simplification possible while complying with the economy, efficiency and effectiveness principles of the Multiannual Financial Framework (2021-2027). The study was commissioned by DG SANTE. Our approach calculates unit costs for both testing and sampling activities. Unit cost calculations for sampling activities are based on two components: salary data from Eurostat statistics and sampling time data as determined by European Commission veterinary experts. Unit cost calculations for testing activities are also based on Eurostat statistics and on two additional components: material costs and testing times. For these last two components we used different data sources (i.e. EU Reference Laboratories, market data from commercial laboratories and a MS questionnaire). Significant methodological simplifications and improvements of the parameters used have been achieved in comparison to the previous methodological approach. This methodology proposes the grouping of data values utilised in the calculation of unit costs as a trade-off between simplification and accuracy. The number of unit costs proposed for sampling and testing activities is 24 and 216 respectively, representing a significant reduction in contrast to the unit costs under C(2018) 2315, where the number of unit costs were 162 and 1080 respectively. This new methodology also proposed an improvement in data acquisition by using data homogenous to all MS and harmonised EU statistical data (e.g. Eurostat). The use of the most up-to-date data available to estimate the costs of consumables and the time needed to perform a test also represent an improvement compared to previous methodologies, as the proposed parameters correlate better with real data than the previous approach.

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3.

ELISE Workshop at DigitALL conference [er] : enabling the interoperability of digital government from a location perspective. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This document is a report of a workshop held by the European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government (ELISE) action of the Interoperability solutions for public administrations, businesses and citizens (ISA²) programme, at the DigitALL Public conference, the online closing event of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) Digital and the ISA² programmes. Together with the Member States, these programmes have helped build cross-border public services for citizens, provided free interoperable solutions to companies and connected various organisations in different sectors. The conference celebrated achievements in the two programmes while looking ahead towards Europe's digital future and the beginning of the new Digital Europe Programme (DEP). During the workshop, speakers and panellists from the European Commission and public administrations in the Member States, industry and international organisations showcased through user stories examples of good practices developed through ELISE support. After an introduction on ELISE by Francesco Pignatelli, ELISE Action Leader at the EU Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), in the first session of the workshop, Ray Boguslawski - external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Miguel Alvarez Rodriguez - Programme Manager at the European Commission DG Informatics (DG DIGIT), Andrea Halmos - Policy Officer at the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), and Tomaž Petek - Director General at the Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia, provided their perspectives on the value and role of a Location Interoperability Framework (the EULF Blueprint) and its relationship with the European Interoperability Framework (EIF). In the second session, Lorena Hernández Quirós from the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Joeri Robbrecht - Policy Analyst at the European Commission DG Environment (DG ENV), Ine De Visser - Standards Advisor at Geonovum, and Gobe Hobona - Director of Product Management, Standards at the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), provided their perspectives on the reuse of tools for interoperable location data and reporting. They highlighted, in particular, the role of the two ELISE flagship solutions, Re3gistry and INSPIRE Reference Validator. In the third session, Giacomo Martirano – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Gabriele Ciasullo - "Database and Open Data" Service Responsible at the Italian Agency for Digital Identity (AgID), Italy, Gema Hernández Moral - Project manager and researcher at CARTIF, Spain, and Volker Coors - Scientific Director at Institute of Applied Research, Germany, provided their perspectives on the reuse of location data interoperability principles and methodologies in different sectors. The latter was demonstrated through various pilots and applications carried out under the ELISE action. In the fourth session, Simon Vrečar – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Morten Borrabaek - Mapping Authority, Norway, Eva Pauknerová – CUZK, Czechia, and Ricardo Vitorino – Ubiwhere, Portugal, provided different perspectives on user-driven approaches regarding location interoperability. The highlights were on how knowledge transfer can help achieve interoperability benefits. Finally, the workshop concluded with a panel session where attendees gave their views on the future importance of location interoperability and how initiatives can provide the necessary support.

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4.

Artificial intelligence masters’ programs [er] : an analysis of curricula building blocks. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report identifies building blocks of master programs on Artificial Intelligence (AI), on the basis of the existing programs available in the European Union. These building blocks provide a first analysis that requires acceptance and sharing by the AI community. The proposal analyses first, the knowledge contents, and second, the educational competences declared as the learning outcomes, of 45 post-graduate academic masters’ programs related with AI from universities in 13 European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden in the EU; plus Switzerland and the United Kingdom). As a closely related and relevant part of Informatics and Computer Science, major AI-related curricula on data science have been also taken into consideration for the analysis. The definition of a specific AI curriculum besides data science curricula is motivated by the necessity of a deeper understanding of topics and skills of the former that build up the foundations of strong AI versus narrow AI, which is the general focus of the latter. The body of knowledge with the proposed building blocks for AI consists of a number of knowledge areas, which are classified as Essential, Core, General and Applied. First, the AI Essentials cover topics and competences from foundational disciplines that are fundamental to AI. Second, topics and competences showing a close interrelationship and specific of AI are classified in a set of AI Core domain-specific areas, plus one AI General area for non-domain-specific knowledge. Third, AI Applied areas are built on top of topics and competences required to develop AI applications and services under a more philosophical and ethical perspective. All the knowledge areas are refined into knowledge units and topics for the analysis. As the result of studying core AI knowledge topics from the master programs sample, machine learning is observed to prevail, followed in order by: computer vision; human-computer interaction; knowledge representation and reasoning; natural language processing; planning, search and optimisation; and robotics and intelligent automation. A significant number of master programs analysed are significantly focused on machine learning topics, despite being initially classified in another domain. It is noteworthy that machine learning topics, along with selected topics on knowledge representation, depict a high degree of commonality in AI and data science programs. Finally, the competence-based analysis of the sample master programs’ learning outcomes, based on Bloom’s cognitive levels, outputs that understanding and creating cognitive levels are dominant. Besides, analysing and evaluating are the most scarce cognitive levels. Another relevant outcome is that master programs on AI under the disciplinary lenses of engineering studies show a notable scarcity of competences related with informatics or computing, which are fundamental to AI.

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5.

Rail transport research and innovation in Europe : an assessment based on the Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Adequate research and innovation (R&I) is paramount for the seamless development, testing, adoption and integration of new rail concepts and technologies. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of R&I initiatives in Europe in this field. The assessment follows a structured methodology developed by the European Commission’s Transport Research and Information Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). The report critically addresses research by thematic area and technology, highlighting recent developments and future needs. It also provides insight from the academia and the private sector by means of focused scientific literature and patent analysis.

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6.

Rail transport research and innovation in Europe [er] : an assessment based on the Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Adequate research and innovation (R&I) is paramount for the seamless development, testing, adoption and integration of new rail concepts and technologies. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of R&I initiatives in Europe in this field. The assessment follows a structured methodology developed by the European Commission’s Transport Research and Information Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). The report critically addresses research by thematic area and technology, highlighting recent developments and future needs. It also provides insight from the academia and the private sector by means of focused scientific literature and patent analysis.

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7.

1st workshop on social media for disaster risk management [er] : researchers meet practitioners. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Between November 30th and December 1st 2020, JRC organised the Workshop “Social Media for Disaster Risk Management: Researches meet Practitioners”. The two-day virtual workshop was designed as an opportunity to connect and align the needs of practitioners in disaster risk management and emergency response, with the research and development by technologists that work with social media data. Contributions from researchers on social media included direct experiences, tools developed, deployments and interactions with practitioners, shortcomings or gaps in current technologies, or ideas they have for the field. Contributions from practitioners in emergency response and disaster risk management, described experiences with social media data, deployments from which lessons can be learned, platforms they have used, and future developments they would like to see. The workshop was composed by 2 main equally relevant components: - A virtual space where participants could interact asynchronously (an ad-hoc Microsoft Teams Group was created to disseminate the research/experience as virtual posters). JRC also offered a participant’s booklet with bios and contact info for all participants. - Two joint sessions (30th and 1st) of 3 hours where participants discussed about challenges and opportunities of using SM for Disaster Risk Management. This online part of the workshop was structured around five participatory panels featuring presentations from researchers and practitioners.

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8.

Assessing smart specialisation [er] : governance. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This reports provides some insights on the impact of Smart Specialisation on the governance of research and innovation policy systems across EU regions and countries. First, the analysis explores the governance arrangements underpinning Smart Specialisation strategies and the changes introduced by this policy concept. Second, it investigates to what extent (if any) and how Smart Specialisation has been promoting better coordination and collective action. The results show that Smart Specialisation has made the decision-making process and the governance of innovation policy more inclusive. One of the results of this policy experience is the reorganisation and/or establishment of coordination bodies, platforms, thematic working groups, clusters and the like. These organisations are reshaping and strengthening networks of engagement and modalities of cooperation between public and private actors, lowering transaction costs associated with collective action. There is evidence that Smart Specialisation has supported the production of a wide range of tangible and intangible collective goods, which are considered essential in promoting development processes. Finally, under the Smart Specialisation experience, inter-government coordination has received more attention that in the past and, as a result, new norms and arrangements have been experimented. However, despite these changes, and the general increase in pressure for coordination, the effectiveness of horizontal and vertical coordination is still weak. This depends on coordinating bodies and arrangements that are not properly functioning and the persistence of a silo approach in government, which is difficult to overcome. Clearly, this is an area where more efforts are needed in the future, along with the strengthening of the skills and resources to perform policy functions. In view of the new Cohesion Policy 2021-2027, the report provides two main recommendations. First, the Smart Specialisation approach should recognise more explicitly the need for upgrading the quality of governance and policy capacity. Where these elements are weak and/or incomplete they should be addressed with specific measures embedded into strategies and progress should be continuously monitored. Second, territories should discover what governance arrangements work best in their context, preferring the experimentation of new governance structures and processes and the increase of responsibilities and functions of management bodies and other relevant organisations as a result of capacity building processes, to the adoption of ideal models and best practices, which are often formally introduced without promoting real changes.

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9.

SDG localisation and multi-level governance [er] : lessons from the Basque country. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs) have been blossoming in the last years as a useful tool for sub-national entities (mainly cities, but not only) for implementing the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These actions are the manifestation of the very dynamic global movement promoting SDG localisation, departing from the acknowledgement that local administrations play a vital role in the implementation of the Global Agenda. Despite the fact that the 2030 Agenda has been designed by the United Nations and managed principally at country level, it will only deploy fully its potential if implemented also bottom-up, involving a wide range of stakeholders and levels of administration, and engaging with grassroots actions. VLRs are not only a tool for better policymaking, but also a great opportunity to foster city-regional diplomacy and cooperation. The enthusiasm with which VLRs have been embraced by several platforms involving sub-national entities reflects the fact that SDG localisation and VLRs are seen as a way to fulfil the traditional aspiration for sub-national entities to have a seat at the global table. The case of the Basque Region, which was among the first sub-national organisations in the world to adopt a consistent SDG localisation strategy, reflects well this dual use of VLR (tool for better policy making and instrument for external action). It is a very clear example of multi-level, multi-stakeholder effort to use SDGs and their architecture to enhance cross-sector alliances within the administration and among multiple stakeholders in the quadruple helix and use the Global Agenda to re-position the Region in the international sphere. This report describes the various actions and initiatives developed in the Basque Region for the local implementation of the 2030 Agenda, which constitutes a pioneering exercise on the establishment of what this report defines as an ‘SDG ecosystem’. From this experience, the report draws recommendations useful for other regional authorities.

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10.

Scenar 2030 [er] : pathways for the European agriculture and food sector beyond 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication	Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
Summary	Analysing stylised scenarios with economic modelling tools reveals complex relations, incentives and trade-offs of the different policy instruments, in particular regarding the environmental dimension. Marginal areas of the EU are most vulnerable to drastic policy changes.

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11.

Chemical and material driven biorefineries in the EU and beyond [er] : database and dashboard visualisation. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This document aims to present an updated overview of the distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU, with a narrower scope compared to the previous work of the JRC (Parisi 2018 and Parisi 2020). The focus of the current study is those chemical and material driven biorefineries (incl. also uses of biogenic effluent gases, such as CO2 and CO) that include the production of innovative high value bio-based products or high-volume ones (i.e., building blocks). Chemical and material driven biorefineries are defined as producing bio-based chemicals and materials as their main products. This means they produce primarily bio-based chemicals and/or materials with bioenergy as a side-product. This also means that bioenergy (power, heat/cold, biofuels) focused facilities that produce chemical co-products are not included. Only commercial, first-of-a-kind and demonstration plants were included (TRL 8 and above). Pilot plants were excluded from the database. In terms of geographical coverage, the database contains biorefineries in the EU and in ten selected non-EU countries.

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12.

Outcomes from the JRC-ESA joint workshop on advanced PV measurements and reliability [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report summarises the topics and the discussions held at the workshop on “Advanced PV Measurements and Reliability”, which was organised jointly by the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI) of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) and by the European Space Technology and Research Centre (ESTEC) of the European Space Agency (ESA). This workshop was one of the collaborative initiatives falling under the administrative agreement signed in 2013 between JRC and ESA. The workshop on “Advanced PV Measurements and Reliability” was held online on 11th and 12th November 2020, with more than 50 participants from both space and terrestrial PV communities and a balanced representation between them. Participants were from PV calibration and testing laboratories, national metrological institutes, university, public and private research centres, as well as manufacturing companies of PV cells, instrumentation and services. The areas covered by the workshop were the reliability of PV cells and ensembles, the standardisation for PV and the state-of-the-art best practices in the characterisation and calibration of PV cells, assemblies and modules. Good practices as well as present and foreseeable future challenges were reported and discussed. Some conclusions and recommendations on future collaborations and activities were drawn, too, and are presented here.

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13.

Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) [er] : monitoring the performance of the Common Fisheries Policy (STECF-Adhoc-21-01). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Commission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. This report deals with monitoring the performance of the Common Fisheries Policy.

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14.

Open access to JRC research infrastructures [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication	Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
Summary	The European Commission‘s Joint Research Centre (JRC) gives leading researchers from across Europe and beyond access to its world-class facilities and laboratories, enabling state-of-the-art experimental research, collaboration and capacity building with a European dimension. It does so through the programme for open access to JRC research infrastructures.

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15.

The EU aquaculture sector [er] : economic report 2020 (STECF-20-12). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Commission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. This report on the Economic Performance of the EU Aquaculture sector 2021 is the seventh report of its kind produced for the sector and provides a comprehensive overview of the latest information available on the production, economic value, structure and competitive performance of the aquaculture sector at the national and EU level. This report includes data for 2008 to 2018 and nowcasting for 2019. The data collected is reported by national totals and by segments divided on species. The sector has increased production over the period of data collected, and the turnover and economic performance indicators have increased over time. The EU aquaculture sector reached 1.2 million tonnes in sales volume and €4.1 billion in turnover, in 2018. The overall number of enterprise were estimated to 15 thousand, whereas the total number of employees reached 69 thousand in 2018. The report furthermore contains three special chapters on the Covid-19 situation and its impact on the EU aquaculture sector, a chapter on the developed methodology for the nowcast, and finally a chapter analysing the social variables collected under EUMAP for the first time for the aquaculture sector.

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16.

Pelagic habitats under the MSFD D1 [er] : scientific advice of policy relevance : recommendations to frame problems and solutions for the pelagic habitats’ assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Pelagic habitats are a policy priority below Descriptor 1 (Biodiversity) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). They are addressed under the D1C6 criterion, stating “the condition of the habitat type, including its biotic and abiotic structure and its functions…, is not adversely affected due to anthropogenic pressures”. The evaluation of pelagic habitats status is challenged by the functional and structural characteristics of pelagic habitat diversity and processes. To date, pelagic habitats assessments are lacking in common criteria and methodologies that characterize the habitat while accounting for the effects of anthropogenic pressures to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES). It is therefore necessary to prioritise communication between scientific and policy communities and frame pelagic research to agree on common methods and approaches at regional or EU scale. This is key for achieving harmonised and comparable pelagic assessments for the MSFD. This report summarizes the outcomes on the assessment workflow of pelagic habitats of the JRC “MSFD pelagic habitats” workshop (9th and 10th March 2021), and the need for coordinated evaluations of the scientific challenges of policy relevance. Recommendations on the MSFD implementation of D1C6, that were generated from the experts during the workshop, will be communicated to the MSFD policy groups and the EU Member States competent authorities to support future harmonised assessment of pelagic habitats.

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17.

Farmers of the future. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021, c2020.

Summary

Agriculture is one of the important sectors in the transformation of the European economy and society towards a long-term sustainable future. European farmers will face several challenges in the future, as they continue to supply food and non-food products and at the same time, contribute to this transition. The challenges are wide ranging and include: climate change, resource scarcity, infrastructural issues and changes in food demand/diet habits. The study ‘Farmers of the Future’ has explored who the farmers - that will be dealing with those challenges in the medium- to long-term future - will be. This report presents the results of that exploration. It describes the 2040 landscape of farmers and presents policy implications.

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18.

Future transitions for the bioeconomy towards sustainable development and a climate-neutral economy [er] : bioeconomy opportunities for a green recovery and enhanced system resilience. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing an unprecedented global health crisis and socio-economic upheaval and led to severe consequences well beyond previous crises of the last decades which mostly were related to financial issues. COVID-19 caused sudden economic, psychological, and partly physical shocks to markets, societal sub-systems (e.g., education, food, health), and people. As a direct consequence, today, food security and resilience are at stake. The effects on bio-based products and bioenergy (in particular: biofuels) vary and their role in the recovery (with possible changes in customer’s behaviour) could differ as well. The linkages of the bioeconomy to post-pandemic recovery with regard to impacts and possible responses are currently being discussed by many institutions and initiatives, even though there is currently limited data on the impact of the pandemic on the bioeconomy. This report presents preliminary results based on initial analysis from the authors on knowledge synthesis on the EU bioeconomy system, trends, and perspectives of the future development towards 2030 and 2050.

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19.

European SDG voluntary local reviews [er] : a comparative analysis of local indicators and data. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report explores the use of local indicators by European Voluntary Local Reviews on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals between 2016 and early 2021. This report has been prepared by a European Commission external expert in the framework of the URBAN 2030 project developed by the Joint Research Centre to support local governments in monitoring the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its SDGs at local level — in particular by promoting transformative and inclusive action for their localisation.

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20.

Technological & innovation challenges for industry [er] : science for policy insights. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report contains the results of a selection of European Commission’s JRC activities which aim to support EU policies to tackle the technological and innovation challenges of the EU industry in the next decade. It addresses some of these challenges by implementing scientific analyses resulting in novel contributions within the following themes: Technology diffusion and industrial dynamics; innovation and company value chains; Financing innovation; Industrial innovation for transitions and transformation; Employment and skills for industrial transformations; Integration of global to local industrial innovation perspectives; and new data, standards and methods. The outcomes obtained provide evidence and insights relevant to EU policy initiatives dealing with innovation and industry and aiming to achieve the 2019-2024 priorities of the European Commission's "Green Deal" and "A stronger Europe in the world", and in general the EU industrial competitiveness and sustainability.

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