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  • 1.
    book.ebook
    Inter-laboratory comparison of computational fluid dynamics codes for PEM fuel cell modelling [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    An inter-laboratory comparison of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes exercise for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell modelling was performed to assess modelling accuracy. Since PEM fuel cell models require a multi-physics approach involving many different phenomena, a simple comparison with experimental polarisation curves is not sufficient for the identification of the individual sources of errors the simulation software. Therefore, this report presents a methodology based on the comparison of partial simulation results. The report introduces first the list physical models available for the simulation of fuel cell phenomena. It describes then in details reference numerical test cases. Finally, it provides an example of application showing that by this approach, it is possible to verify any simulation software for PEM fuel cells, including commercial systems, without access to the source code.
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  • 2.
    book.ebook
    Outcomes from the JRC-ESA joint workshop on advanced PV measurements and reliability [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report summarises the topics and the discussions held at the workshop on “Advanced PV Measurements and Reliability”, which was organised jointly by the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI) of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) and by the European Space Technology and Research Centre (ESTEC) of the European Space Agency (ESA). This workshop was one of the collaborative initiatives falling under the administrative agreement signed in 2013 between JRC and ESA. The workshop on “Advanced PV Measurements and Reliability” was held online on 11th and 12th November 2020, with more than 50 participants from both space and terrestrial PV communities and a balanced representation between them. Participants were from PV calibration and testing laboratories, national metrological institutes, university, public and private research centres, as well as manufacturing companies of PV cells, instrumentation and services. The areas covered by the workshop were the reliability of PV cells and ensembles, the standardisation for PV and the state-of-the-art best practices in the characterisation and calibration of PV cells, assemblies and modules. Good practices as well as present and foreseeable future challenges were reported and discussed. Some conclusions and recommendations on future collaborations and activities were drawn, too, and are presented here.
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  • 3.
    book.ebook
    Vehicle-to-grid and/or vehicle-to-home round-trip efficiency [er] : a practical case study. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The battery of an electrical vehicle (EV) can be used to support the power grid (V2G, Vehicle-to-Grid) or can act as a buffer for a home promoting self-consumption (V2H, Vehicle-to-Home). This technical report evaluates, in laboratory conditions and for different charging/discharging power levels, the round-trip efficiency of an EV and V2G/V2H charger setup. The round-trip efficiency of the setup was determined to be ca. 80% for the studied charging/discharging power levels. The tests were performed in the Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory, located in the Joint Research Centre (JRC) site in Petten, Netherlands.
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  • 4.
    book.ebook
    Real Driving Emissions (RDE) [er] : 2020 assessment of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) measurement uncertainty. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report describes the 2020 assessment of the margins for the RDE (Real-Driving Emissions) results prescribed in the EURO 6 regulation. Margin is defined as the additional measurement uncertainty introduced by PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) compared to the laboratory systems for a pollutant. The 2020 data collected by a series of EU testing houses showed in general very good performance of the PEMS in terms of NOx zero drift and laboratory validation results. In consequence, the framework to calculate the NOx margin was modified and together with the observed improvement of the exhaust flow meter’s uncertainty, the NOx margin may now be decreased from 0.32 to 0.23. In practical terms, this value covers at least 95% of the worst cases, compared to the 99% of the previous report. The data suggest that further reduction is possible by improving the permissible tolerances for the equipment in the regulation and the method by which the zero drift is taken into account. Under this future scenario the future NOx margin could be reduced to 0.10, but this requires first changes in the regulation. In this report, the framework was further developed to analyse the Particle Number (PN) margin. Based on the analysis of this report the PN margin is now estimated to be 34% (0.34). For further reductions of the PN margin a more holistic approach is necessary (e.g. bringing closer technical and calibration specifications of the PN-PEMS and the reference PMP systems).
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  • 5.
    book
    Wind energy : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology DevelopThe aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology Development Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.ent Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.
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  • 6.
    book.ebook
    Wind energy [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology DevelopThe aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology Development Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.ent Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.
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  • 7.
    book.ebook
    Ocean energy [er] : technology development report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of the state of the art of ocean energy technology, to identify their development need and barriers and to define areas for further R&D in order to meet announced deployment targets and EU policy goals. The analysis focuses primarily on tidal and wave energy technology, considering their potential to provide a significant contribution to the European energy mix in the coming years. In order to undertake the different tasks set out for this report, different approaches have been employed, based primarily on in-depth literature reviews, expert judgements, existing KPIs identified by the sector, employment of technology specific database, collection of techno-economic information and analysis of the information collected to provide an unbiased assessment of the ocean energy sector.
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  • 8.
    book
    Ocean energy : technology development report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of the state of the art of ocean energy technology, to identify their development need and barriers and to define areas for further R&D in order to meet announced deployment targets and EU policy goals. The analysis focuses primarily on tidal and wave energy technology, considering their potential to provide a significant contribution to the European energy mix in the coming years. In order to undertake the different tasks set out for this report, different approaches have been employed, based primarily on in-depth literature reviews, expert judgements, existing KPIs identified by the sector, employment of technology specific database, collection of techno-economic information and analysis of the information collected to provide an unbiased assessment of the ocean energy sector.
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  • 9.
    book.ebook
    Heat and power from biomass [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This Technology Development Report for Heat and Power from Biomass is an update to the version produced in 2016. The RES II includes reinforced EU sustainability criteria for bioenergy to cover biofuels but also biomass and biogas for heat and power that include GreenHouse Gas (GHG) savings compared to fossil fuels, the avoidance of deforestation or degradation of habitats or loss of biodiversity. In addition, biofuels and bioenergy from forest materials must comply with requirements which mirror the principles contained in the EU Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation. The sustainability criteria also include requirements to ensure high conversion efficiency of biomass into energy, the efficient use of limited resources and to avoid negative impacts on other (competitive) uses. The EU sustainability criteria are extended to cover solid biomass and biogas used in large heat and power plants (above 20 MW fuel capacity) and delivers at least 80% fewer GHG emission compared to fossil fuels by 2021 and 85% less by 2026. Large-scale new biomass electricity plants (above 20 MW) will need to use high efficient Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology, reaching efficiencies above 80% (this criterion does not apply in case of risks to the security of electricity supply).
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  • 10.
    book
    Heat and power from biomass : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This Technology Development Report for Heat and Power from Biomass is an update to the version produced in 2016. The RES II includes reinforced EU sustainability criteria for bioenergy to cover biofuels but also biomass and biogas for heat and power that include GreenHouse Gas (GHG) savings compared to fossil fuels, the avoidance of deforestation or degradation of habitats or loss of biodiversity. In addition, biofuels and bioenergy from forest materials must comply with requirements which mirror the principles contained in the EU Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation. The sustainability criteria also include requirements to ensure high conversion efficiency of biomass into energy, the efficient use of limited resources and to avoid negative impacts on other (competitive) uses. The EU sustainability criteria are extended to cover solid biomass and biogas used in large heat and power plants (above 20 MW fuel capacity) and delivers at least 80% fewer GHG emission compared to fossil fuels by 2021 and 85% less by 2026. Large-scale new biomass electricity plants (above 20 MW) will need to use high efficient Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology, reaching efficiencies above 80% (this criterion does not apply in case of risks to the security of electricity supply).
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  • 11.
    book.ebook
    Synthesis report about the updated methodology for demonstration of in-vessel melt retention [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The report describes the updated methodology to be used for safety demonstration of In-Vessel Retention Strategy in “high power” reactors. Starting from the methodology used for VVER-440 plants, it is explained how some assumptions must be abandoned and replaced by a more detailed evaluation. One of the most important points is the consideration of transient states of the corium pool which might cause higher thermal load on the vessel than in steady-state. Another important point is the consideration of detailed mechanical calculations in the cases of very thin remaining vessel thickness. Finally, the methodology introduces a new safety criterion, based on the residual vessel thickness, which is more general than the previously used criterion (based on a comparison of heat fluxes).
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  • 12.
    book.ebook
    Update on the status of LED-lighting world market since 2018 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report, based on the compilation of more than 160 recent documents, is an update of previous analysis published by the JRC in 2018, 2014 and 2013. It brings new insight into the progress of Solid-State Lighting Technology and Lighting Systems as well as an overview of the world market evolution by world region and by end-use sector. The last evolutions in the industrial ecosystem are also covered. Furthermore, the impacts of technology evolution, like smart lighting, on the energy, environment and natural resources are highlighted. The initial effects of the Covid-19 pandemic are also included, even if it is rather early to draw final conclusions.
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  • 13.
    book.ebook
    Improving energy efficiency in electricity networks [er] : addressing network losses & EU regulations under Article 15 (2) (a) of the Energy Efficiency Directive. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report focuses on the energy efficiency of electricity distribution networks mainly from the perspective of network losses. As proposed in Article 15 of the revised Energy Efficiency Directive, the European Commission after consulting relevant stakeholders, should prepare a common methodology in order to encourage network operators to reduce losses, implement a cost-efficient and energy efficient infrastructure investment programme and properly account for the energy efficiency and flexibility of the grid. This two-part report focuses on the status of regulatory policies in the EU-28 and recommendations that can be followed by the Member States in order to improve their grid efficiency. This first part of the report focuses on the electricity grids, with the interaction between regulation and network losses being conceptually analysed with the presently available regulation schemes and a survey on some research proposal being presented. After a brief introduction on the main standing-points of the EU framework, a comparative analysis of the regulation in EU member states is outlined. The ”players’ perspective” in terms of the opinion of crucial EU stakeholders and leading experts in EU are assessed thought a set of interviews of which the outcomes are presented. Finally, some recommendations for Member States and conclusions are drawn.
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  • 14.
    book.ebook
    Implementing the SET plan [er] : making the set plan fit for the EU green recovery : 2020 report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Through commonly agreed R&I priorities and targets for clean energy solutions, the SET Plan plays a key role in the delivery of the European Green Deal. The alignment of national R&I programmes with our common SET Plan agenda will make Europe a global leader of clean energy and energy efficiency technologies and thus contribute to EU’s growth strategy. The COVID-19 pandemic presents critical challenges, and many opportunities for the EU to boost the recovery towards a greener, more digital and more resilient Europe through the Next Generation EU initiative, and the SET Plan will deliver the necessary R&I agenda.
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  • 15.
    book
    Implementing the SET plan : making the set plan fit for the EU green recovery : 2020 report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Through commonly agreed R&I priorities and targets for clean energy solutions, the SET Plan plays a key role in the delivery of the European Green Deal. The alignment of national R&I programmes with our common SET Plan agenda will make Europe a global leader of clean energy and energy efficiency technologies and thus contribute to EU’s growth strategy. The COVID-19 pandemic presents critical challenges, and many opportunities for the EU to boost the recovery towards a greener, more digital and more resilient Europe through the Next Generation EU initiative, and the SET Plan will deliver the necessary R&I agenda.
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  • 16.
    book.ebook
    Competitiveness indicators for low-carbon energy industries [er] : definitions, indicators and data sources. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The JRC, in the context of its support to the implementation of the Governance of the of the Energy Union, and in particular of the Research, Innovation and Competitiveness dimension and the preparation of the envisaged Competitiveness Report has been working on the identification of a set of indicators that could be used to assess the competitiveness of the EU low-carbon industry in a global context. This report presents a summary of definitions, indicators and metrics on competitiveness, and potential data sources that can be used for their quantification, based on ongoing work.
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  • 17.
    book.ebook
    Energy consumption and energy efficiency trends in the EU-28, 2000-2018 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report discusses the latest status of energy consumption trends in the EU-28, in the four main energy consuming sectors: residential, tertiary, transport and industry. During the last years, there have been notable efforts by the European Union to cut down on energy consumption and improve energy efficiency in the framework of the EU energy consumption targets within the Europe 2020 and 2030 strategies. The report explores the energy consumption progress from 2000 to 2018 in the four main sectors of the economy. Special focus is drawn on changes in the use of electricity and natural gas, as well as penetration of renewable energy sources in the energy mix. Energy indicators such as energy intensity and energy consumption per capita are also analysed. The report includes an analysis of the most important factors influencing energy consumption trends such as economic growth, population, heating demand, household characteristics and energy prices.
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  • 18.
    book.ebook
    Fossil CO2 and GHG emissions of all world countries [er] : 2020 report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research provides emission time series from 1970 until 2019 for fossil CO2 for all countries. This report is contributing to the Paris Agreement process with an independent and quantitative view of global fossil CO2 emissions.
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  • 19.
    book
    Fossil CO2 and GHG emissions of all world countries : 2020 report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research provides emission time series from 1970 until 2019 for fossil CO2 for all countries. This report is contributing to the Paris Agreement process with an independent and quantitative view of global fossil CO2 emissions.
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  • 20.
    book.ebook
    Decarbonising the EU heating sector [er] : integration of the power and heating sector. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2019.
    Summary
    The heating and cooling sector has been recognised, by the EC, as a priority to achieve the decarbonisation and energy efficiency targets. Heating and cooling in the built environment accounts for almost 40% of the total final energy demand in Europe. Heating as a predominant end use has strong interconnections with many energy sectors and carriers. Thus, this report focuses on the integration of the heat and power sectors and how an effective integration can contribute to the energy efficiency and the climate change mitigation targets. The first part of the study presents the heating sector in the built environment describing a detailed energy break down, and related costs, emissions and efficiencies. Then, the concept of system integration of heating and power is examined presenting its merits and challenges. The second part of the study focuses on the assessment of two clean transitions pathways of the heating sector, namely electrification of heat and efficient heat and power production and district heating network. Both of them are examined from the power system perspective based on a detailed model of the European power system.
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