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  • 1.
    book
    Joint Research Centre work programme 2021-2022. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    As the European Commission’s science and knowledge service, the JRC provides independent scientific advice and support to EU policy, in order to tackle the interlinked and complex challenges faced by our society. The European Commission has set its ambition high in how Europe should respond to planetary challenges, climate change and ecosystem degradation, the digital acceleration, changing demographics, shifting human geography and the future of work, all against a rapidly evolving geopolitical context. Europe needs to build its own resilience, and to do so at a time when we are recovering from the effects of a global pandemic. Operating at the interface between science and policy, the JRC wants to strengthen its capacity to be a key partner in helping to identify solutions to such challenges. In our 2021-2022 Work Programme, we support all Commission’s political priorities and most initiatives included in the Commission 2021 work programme and contribute to the implementation of the Horizon Europe and Euratom research and training programme.
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  • 2.
    book.ebook
    Joint Research Centre work programme 2021-2022 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    As the European Commission’s science and knowledge service, the JRC provides independent scientific advice and support to EU policy, in order to tackle the interlinked and complex challenges faced by our society. The European Commission has set its ambition high in how Europe should respond to planetary challenges, climate change and ecosystem degradation, the digital acceleration, changing demographics, shifting human geography and the future of work, all against a rapidly evolving geopolitical context. Europe needs to build its own resilience, and to do so at a time when we are recovering from the effects of a global pandemic. Operating at the interface between science and policy, the JRC wants to strengthen its capacity to be a key partner in helping to identify solutions to such challenges. In our 2021-2022 Work Programme, we support all Commission’s political priorities and most initiatives included in the Commission 2021 work programme and contribute to the implementation of the Horizon Europe and Euratom research and training programme.
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  • 3.
    book.ebook
    Arctic knowledge [er] : echoes from the North : conversations with Arctic indigenous people and others concerned. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The work presented in this report aims at making a practical contribution to the study of local and traditional knowledge, exploring how ‘indigenous’ ways of observing, monitoring and governing the Arctic environment bear adaptive strategies in a changing Arctic. The report describes ongoing impacts on Arctic livelihoods through the voices of Arctic residents. It represents a contribution to a broader call for mobilising all relevant knowledge about Arctic environmental change and resilience, which impact not only Arctic inhabitants but also all populations on the planet. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with Arctic residents, along with a number of academics, EU policymakers and members of civil society organisations, the report offers valuable accounts of the participants’ (situated) knowledge, practical experience, ways of knowing and not least the world view and values Arctic residents live by. Furthermore, the report explores the interplay of traditional knowledge with scientific research practices, highlighting the key essential conditions found in successful cases of collaboration between traditional knowledge-holders and scientists. It concludes with recommendations for further action, suggesting that not seeking systematic respectful collaborations between scientists and traditional Arctic knowledgeholders is more serious than a ‘missed opportunity’; it is damaging to the broader political and ethical aspirations to resilient and sustainable governance of climate and other environmental changes
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  • 4.
    book
    Arctic knowledge : echoes from the North : conversations with Arctic indigenous people and others concerned. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The work presented in this report aims at making a practical contribution to the study of local and traditional knowledge, exploring how ‘indigenous’ ways of observing, monitoring and governing the Arctic environment bear adaptive strategies in a changing Arctic. The report describes ongoing impacts on Arctic livelihoods through the voices of Arctic residents. It represents a contribution to a broader call for mobilising all relevant knowledge about Arctic environmental change and resilience, which impact not only Arctic inhabitants but also all populations on the planet. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with Arctic residents, along with a number of academics, EU policymakers and members of civil society organisations, the report offers valuable accounts of the participants’ (situated) knowledge, practical experience, ways of knowing and not least the world view and values Arctic residents live by. Furthermore, the report explores the interplay of traditional knowledge with scientific research practices, highlighting the key essential conditions found in successful cases of collaboration between traditional knowledge-holders and scientists. It concludes with recommendations for further action, suggesting that not seeking systematic respectful collaborations between scientists and traditional Arctic knowledgeholders is more serious than a ‘missed opportunity’; it is damaging to the broader political and ethical aspirations to resilient and sustainable governance of climate and other environmental changes
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  • 5.
    book.ebook
    EU Ecolabel criteria for hard covering products [er] : final technical report criteria and supporting rationale. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report presents criteria for EU Ecolabel hard covering products, as adopted in Commission Decision (EU) 2021/76 of 16 March 2021. The criteria are presented together with supporting rationale, which was derived from a combination of scientific research and stakeholder consultation. The final criteria are the culmination of 3+ year process, which started with a scoping questionnaire released in October 2017. This was followed by the publication of a draft preliminary report and initial criteria proposals in November 2018 and subsequent revisions following two stakeholder meetings (in December 2018 and October 2019) and a final round of modifications made in July 2020. The draft documents can be consulted at the JRC project website: https://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/product-bureau//product-groups/413/documents The product group applies to four main types of product sectors: natural stone, agglomerated stone, ceramics and precast concrete. A number of horizontally applicable criteria have been defined as well as sector specific criteria. Since a significant portion of environmental impacts are associated with some of the intermediate products (quarry blocks for natural stone products and cement for precast concrete products), the possibility for awarding the EU Ecolabel to these business-to-business products has been enabled. The criteria presented include mandatory requirements as well as optional requirements which can result in the awarding of points. If enough points are gained and all mandatory requirements are met, the product can be awarded the EU Ecolabel. The scoring approach allows for greater weighting to be applied to criteria associated with larger environmental impacts and also encourages continuous environmental improvement for license holders. Broadly speaking for all four product sectors, the criteria predominantly focus on: Improving energy efficiency (setting benchmarks where possible and requiring specific energy consumption reduction plans in other cases). Reducing emissions that contribute to Global Warming Potential (via CO2 emission limits for combustion-dominated or the incentivisation of renewables for electricity-dominated processes). Reducing emissions from combustion processes that contribute to acidification (SOx and NOx). Reducing dust emissions, both to the wider environment and in production facilities. Improving water efficiency via recycling of process water and reducing contamination of local watercourses via requirements on wastewater treatment. Improving material efficiency via the incentivisation of recycled content, the reuse/resale of by-products and improved extraction efficiencies. The importance of choosing the correct performance class and dimensions of hard covering products for a given use is addressed by setting requirements on fitness for use. The importance of correct installation and maintenance of hard covering products on life cycle impacts is also addressed by setting requirements on user information.
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  • 6.
    book.ebook
    Waterborne transport in Europe [er] : the role of research and innovation in decarbonisation : an analysis of waterborne transport, based on the Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report provides an overview of relevant European Research and Innovation (R&I) projects dealing with waterborne transport decarbonisation, based on the European Commission’s Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). The report analyses technology trends, operational, coordination and support measures in the waterborne transport sector. After setting out the international and European policy context, the report provides a brief overview of various measures put in place until today to foster waterborne transport decarbonisation. The analysis focuses on publicly funded European R&I projects, it provides an overall assessment and a detailed review of main outcomes as well as the research and policy implications of selected projects. Additionally, it provides an outlook of the evolution of scientific publications and intellectual property activity in the area. The report concludes by providing indications for further research and policy actions.
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  • 7.
    book
    Waterborne transport in Europe : the role of research and innovation in decarbonisation : an analysis of waterborne transport, based on the Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report provides an overview of relevant European Research and Innovation (R&I) projects dealing with waterborne transport decarbonisation, based on the European Commission’s Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS). The report analyses technology trends, operational, coordination and support measures in the waterborne transport sector. After setting out the international and European policy context, the report provides a brief overview of various measures put in place until today to foster waterborne transport decarbonisation. The analysis focuses on publicly funded European R&I projects, it provides an overall assessment and a detailed review of main outcomes as well as the research and policy implications of selected projects. Additionally, it provides an outlook of the evolution of scientific publications and intellectual property activity in the area. The report concludes by providing indications for further research and policy actions.
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  • 8.
    book
    Introducing the Three Rs into secondary schools, universities and continuing education programmes : Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal use in science. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report targets decision-makers and influencers within education systems who contribute to policy-making at European, Member State or local level, and who stimulate and facilitate the development and uptake of new educational content and resources. According to the latest EU statistics 9.39 million animals were used in research and testing in 2017. A similar number of laboratory animals were bred for science but never actually used. Although in recent years the numbers have declined, there is a long way to go before the EU’s goal of eliminating animal-use in science is reached. In the European Union, Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes fully embraces the principles of the Three Rs, to Replace, Reduce and Refine the use of animals for experimental or educational purposes. The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) undertakes a number of initiatives to improve knowledge sharing on the Three Rs to encourage their uptake and implementation. In 2016 the JRC conducted a study to identify existing Three Rs knowledge sources and to understand how they are used and shared (Holley et al., 2016). One of the key findings was that Three Rs knowledge sharing could be enhanced through the development of targeted education and training initiatives and resources, and a subsequent study was conducted to map and characterise the already existing ones worldwide. A main conclusion was that, although Three Rs courses and resources are abundant, there is a need to further complement and amplify current education and training opportunities, both at the level of secondary school and higher education. Another related study undertaken focused on how to incorporate the Three Rs and related teaching material into the curriculum of schools and universities. This report is based on the knowledge and input gathered from a variety of expert sources and intends not only to provide the ‘business case’ for introducing the Three Rs into curricula and education programmes, but also suggests how this can be achieved using different means. It includes examples of learning scenarios and teaching resources to both inspire and facilitate action.
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  • 9.
    book.ebook
    Introducing the Three Rs into secondary schools, universities and continuing education programmes [er] : Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal use in science. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report targets decision-makers and influencers within education systems who contribute to policy-making at European, Member State or local level, and who stimulate and facilitate the development and uptake of new educational content and resources. According to the latest EU statistics 9.39 million animals were used in research and testing in 2017. A similar number of laboratory animals were bred for science but never actually used. Although in recent years the numbers have declined, there is a long way to go before the EU’s goal of eliminating animal-use in science is reached. In the European Union, Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes fully embraces the principles of the Three Rs, to Replace, Reduce and Refine the use of animals for experimental or educational purposes. The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) undertakes a number of initiatives to improve knowledge sharing on the Three Rs to encourage their uptake and implementation. In 2016 the JRC conducted a study to identify existing Three Rs knowledge sources and to understand how they are used and shared (Holley et al., 2016). One of the key findings was that Three Rs knowledge sharing could be enhanced through the development of targeted education and training initiatives and resources, and a subsequent study was conducted to map and characterise the already existing ones worldwide. A main conclusion was that, although Three Rs courses and resources are abundant, there is a need to further complement and amplify current education and training opportunities, both at the level of secondary school and higher education. Another related study undertaken focused on how to incorporate the Three Rs and related teaching material into the curriculum of schools and universities. This report is based on the knowledge and input gathered from a variety of expert sources and intends not only to provide the ‘business case’ for introducing the Three Rs into curricula and education programmes, but also suggests how this can be achieved using different means. It includes examples of learning scenarios and teaching resources to both inspire and facilitate action.
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  • 10.
    book.ebook
    EURL ECVAM recommendation on non-animal-derived antibodies [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Antibodies are binding molecules (affinity reagents) that have a high specificity for their unique target (antigen) and are crucial tools for research, diagnostics, therapeutics and regulatory procedures. Animals are still used for the generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies as well as other types of affinity reagents despite the availability of technologies for their development and production that do not entail the use of animals. The EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes does not allow the use of animal-based methods when other methods not entailing the use of animals exist, which would allow obtaining the results sought (Articles 4 “Principle of replacement, reduction and refinement” and 13 “Choice of method”). The EU Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL ECVAM) avails of the scientific opinion of the EURL ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC) about specific issues related to alternative methods. In 1998, based on the available evidence, ESAC concluded that for all levels of monoclonal antibody production, scientifically acceptable in vitro methods (i.e. use of hybridomas) were practicably available and that these methods were either better than, or equal to, the in vivo (ascites) production method in terms of antibody quality. Thus, the ESAC stated in 1998 that in vivo production of monoclonal antibodies by the ascites method was no longer scientifically necessary, except in rare cases. Nevertheless, the recent statistical information published by the European Commission on the use of animals for scientific purposes in the EU show an increase by 65% in the use of animals for monoclonal antibody production by the mouse ascites method between 2015 (27333 animals used) and 2017 (45024 animals used). It is unclear from the non-technical project summaries how the ascites method could be justified and as a consequence, why such projects could still be authorised in EU countries.
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  • 11.
    book.ebook
    AI watch [er] : AI uptake in health and healthcare, 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This document presents a sectoral analysis of AI in health and healthcare for AI Watch, the knowledge service of the European Commission monitoring the development, uptake and impact of Artificial Intelligence for Europe. Its main aim is to act as a benchmark for future editions of the report to be able to assess the changes in uptake and impact of AI in healthcare over time, in line with the mission of AI Watch. The report recognises that we are still at an early stage in the adoption of AI and that AI offers many opportunities in the short term for improved efficiency in administrative and operational processes and in the medium-long term for clinical applications, patients’ care, and increased citizen empowerment. At the same time, AI applications in this sensitive sector raise many ethical and societal issues and shaping the direction of development so that we can maximise the benefits whilst reducing the risks is a key issue. In the global context, Europe is well positioned with a strong research base and excellent health data, which is the pre-requisite for the development of beneficial AI applications. Where Europe is less well placed is in translating research and innovation into industrial applications and in venture capital funding able to support innovative companies to set themselves up and scale up once successful. There are however noticeable exception as the case of the BioNTech that is leading the development of one of the COVID-19 vaccines. It should also be noted that in AI-enabled health start-ups, many of them are in the area of drug discovery, i.e. the domain of BioNTech. Investment in education and training of the healthcare workforce as well as creating environments for multidisciplinary exchange of knowledge between software developers and health practitioners are other key areas. The report recognizes that there are many important policy developments already in the making that will shape future directions, including the European Strategy for Data which is setting up a common dataspace for health, a risk-based regulatory framework for AI to be put in place by the end of 2020, and the forthcoming launch of the Horizon Europe programme as well the Digital Europe Programme with large investments in AI, computing infrastructure, cybersecurity and training. The COVID-19 crisis has also acted as a booster to the adoption of AI in health and the digital transition of business, research, education and public administration. Furthermore, the unprecedented investments of the Recovery Plan agreed in July 2020 may fuel development in digital technologies and health beyond expectation. We are therefore at the junction of a potentially extraordinary period of change which we will be able to measure in future years against the baseline set by this report.
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  • 12.
    book.ebook
    Servicios del JRC [er] : manual para las autoridades nacionales, regionales y locales sobre cómo y por qué colaborar con el servicio de ciencia y conocimiento de la Comisión Europea. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2019.
    Summary
    El manual ofrece una amplia visión general de las capacidades en ciencia para la formulación de políticas del Centro Común de Investigación (Joint Research Centre - JRC) para ayudar a los gobiernos e instituciones nacionales a alcanzar sus objetivos sobre una base de pruebas sólidas. Los servicios se presentan tanto en una sección temática que abarca diferentes ámbitos políticos como en una sección horizontal que abarca una oferta más genérica, como: acceso a datos e infraestructuras, educación y formación o materiales de referencia certificados. El manual va dirigido principalmente al personal de las administraciones de los Estados miembros de la UE y a los países asociados a Horizonte 2020, pero también puede interesar a organizaciones científicas nacionales y regionales, académicos y responsables políticos.
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  • 13.
    book.ebook
    Public-Private Partnerships for Science and Technology Parks [er] : utilising PPPs and related models for the development and operation of STPs and innovation districts : insight into case studies and good practices. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been widely applied as credible models for the development and operation of public infrastructure. Through private sector involvement, the public sector manages to better control costs and debt levels and, in return, offers to the private sector access to new long-term investment opportunities. For PPPs to be successful, proper identification and management of risks are pivotal and reward mechanisms need to be carefully constructed to allow both sides to play to their respective strengths, benefit from the deal and extract value from it. This study intends to answer two key questions: How to apply PPPs and similar partnering modalities (e.g. concessionary models) to the development and sustainable operation of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) and Innovation Districts? What are the key features of currently existing PPPs for STPs and Innovation Districts?
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  • 14.
    book
    Servicios del JRC : manual para las autoridades nacionales, regionales y locales sobre cómo y por qué colaborar con el servicio de ciencia y conocimiento de la Comisión Europea. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2019.
    Summary
    El manual ofrece una amplia visión general de las capacidades en ciencia para la formulación de políticas del Centro Común de Investigación (Joint Research Centre - JRC) para ayudar a los gobiernos e instituciones nacionales a alcanzar sus objetivos sobre una base de pruebas sólidas. Los servicios se presentan tanto en una sección temática que abarca diferentes ámbitos políticos como en una sección horizontal que abarca una oferta más genérica, como: acceso a datos e infraestructuras, educación y formación o materiales de referencia certificados. El manual va dirigido principalmente al personal de las administraciones de los Estados miembros de la UE y a los países asociados a Horizonte 2020, pero también puede interesar a organizaciones científicas nacionales y regionales, académicos y responsables políticos.
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  • 15.
    book.ebook
    Destination Earth [er] : survey on “Digital Twins” technologies and activities, in the Green Deal area. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Digital Twins have been around for decades, especially in industrial processes. However, with the recent advent of transformative digital technologies (i.e. IoT, AI, ML, Big Data analytics, and ubiquitous connectivity) Digital Twins are changing most of the society sectors, providing the most advance pattern to make the physical and the digital worlds interact. Naturally, this is also true for the scientific sector, and in particular those disciplines that are engaged in understanding and addressing the Global Change effects. Thanks to the Digital Twins growing development, for the first time, it is possible to envision a digital replica of important natural and social phenomena and processes, trying to anticipate their behavior.
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  • 16.
    book.ebook
    Scaling up citizen science [er] : what are the factors associated with increased reach and how to lever them to achieve impact. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The rapid pace of technology advancements, the open innovation paradigm, and the ubiquity of high-speed connectivity, greatly facilitate access to information to individuals, increasing their opportunities to achieve greater emancipation and empowerment. This provides new opportunities for widening participation in scientific research and policy, thus opening a myriad of avenues driving a paradigm shift across fields and disciplines, including the strengthening of Citizen Science. Nowadays, the application of Citizen Science principles spans across several scientific disciplines, covering different geographical scales. While the interdisciplinary approach taken so far has shown significant results and findings, the current situation depicts a wide range of projects that are heavily context-dependent and where the learning outcomes of pilots are very much situated within the specific areas in which these projects are implemented. There is little evidence on how to foster the spread and scalability in Citizen Science. Furthermore, the Citizen Science community currently lacks a general agreement on what these terms mean, entail and how these can be approached. To address these issues, we developed a theoretically grounded framework to unbundle the meaning of scaling and spreading in Citizen Science. In this framework, we defined nine constructs that represent the enablers of these complex phenomena. We then validated, enriched, and instantiated this framework through four qualitative case studies of, diverse, successful examples of scaling and spreading in Citizen Science. The framework and the rich experiences allow formulating four theoretically and empirically grounded scaling scenarios. We propose the framework and the in-depth case studies as the main contribution from this report. We hope to stimulate future research to further refine our understanding of the important, complex and multifaceted phenomena of scaling and spreading in Citizen Science. The framework also proposes a structured mindset for practitioners that either want to ideate and start a new Citizen Science intervention that is scalable-by-design, or for those that are interested in assessing the scalability potential of an existing initiative.
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  • 17.
    book
    Scaling up citizen science : what are the factors associated with increased reach and how to lever them to achieve impact. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The rapid pace of technology advancements, the open innovation paradigm, and the ubiquity of high-speed connectivity, greatly facilitate access to information to individuals, increasing their opportunities to achieve greater emancipation and empowerment. This provides new opportunities for widening participation in scientific research and policy, thus opening a myriad of avenues driving a paradigm shift across fields and disciplines, including the strengthening of Citizen Science. Nowadays, the application of Citizen Science principles spans across several scientific disciplines, covering different geographical scales. While the interdisciplinary approach taken so far has shown significant results and findings, the current situation depicts a wide range of projects that are heavily context-dependent and where the learning outcomes of pilots are very much situated within the specific areas in which these projects are implemented. There is little evidence on how to foster the spread and scalability in Citizen Science. Furthermore, the Citizen Science community currently lacks a general agreement on what these terms mean, entail and how these can be approached. To address these issues, we developed a theoretically grounded framework to unbundle the meaning of scaling and spreading in Citizen Science. In this framework, we defined nine constructs that represent the enablers of these complex phenomena. We then validated, enriched, and instantiated this framework through four qualitative case studies of, diverse, successful examples of scaling and spreading in Citizen Science. The framework and the rich experiences allow formulating four theoretically and empirically grounded scaling scenarios. We propose the framework and the in-depth case studies as the main contribution from this report. We hope to stimulate future research to further refine our understanding of the important, complex and multifaceted phenomena of scaling and spreading in Citizen Science. The framework also proposes a structured mindset for practitioners that either want to ideate and start a new Citizen Science intervention that is scalable-by-design, or for those that are interested in assessing the scalability potential of an existing initiative.
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  • 18.
    book.ebook
    The METIS model review [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    An integral part of the model quality control and quality assurance at the European Commission is a scientific peer-review of models, including those developed by external contractors. The present reports details the outcome of the review of the METIS, which was carried out by an external scientific Review Panel closely following ‘Guidelines for the review of models used in support of EU policies’. The review aimed at verifying and consolidating the scientific credibility of METIS and identifying most promising/relevant areas for a future model development. The report includes also a first reaction from the METIS team, detailing among others how Review Panel’s suggestions will be addressed.
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  • 19.
    book.ebook
    Enabling positive energy districts across Europe [er] : energy efficiency couples renewable energy. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report aims to understand how to handle energy performance targets by moving beyond individual buildings towards a district level. This is a relatively new endeavour in both scientific research and realised projects. One route towards this could be to have the minimum energy performance requirements imposed by the EPBD also be applied to a cluster of buildings in a specific district. In practice, this means setting legal requirements that enable communities to become zero or positive energy districts (municipal or regional requirements). From a financial point of view, a zero-energy district (ZED) or positive energy district (PED) project needs to be investible whilst providing the municipality and district-dwellers with low-carbon solutions that provide co-benefits to the citizens and local authorities (such as, inter alia, better wellbeing and health, job creation, increased GDP and tourism). In order to assess potential cost and benefits, this paper finds the EPBD’s cost-benefit calculation methodology for the setting of minimum energy performance requirements can be utilised on a district scale by aggregating the individual buildings.
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  • 20.
    book.ebook
    Thermal design of structures and the changing climate [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The report presents the work of the Joint Research Centre’s scientific network on adaptation of structural design to climate change focusing on the thermal design of buildings and infrastructure considering the changing climate. It presents scientific and technical background intended to stimulate debate and serve as a basis for further work to study the implications of climate change on the thermal design of structures. The report first outlines recent EU policies in support of sustainability and climate resilience of infrastructure and buildings. It highlights how the construction sector is encouraged to adopt more sustainable and circular economy practices, extend the lifetime of buildings and strive for better performance of buildings and infrastructure throughout their life cycle. It further emphasises the ongoing action plan to adapt the European standards to a changing climate. Following, the report explains the concept of the definition of thermal actions for the design of buildings and infrastructure using the European standards for structural design, i.e. the Eurocodes. It is showed that the adaptation of structural design to the implications of climate change is strongly linked with the assessment of changing characteristics of climatic actions (including thermal ones) in terms of the Eurocodes concept for the variable climatic actions. Variations in temperature that would directly affect the design values for thermal actions in the European standards are studied in depth for the case study of Italy. It is concluded that an increase in the maximum and minimum temperature used for structural design is expected all over Italy. It is discussed that structures, as bridges for example, are expected to be influenced by stresses from extreme temperatures and thus, should be designed for temperature amplitudes justified from climate projections for the actual region. However, the current European maps for thermal design are based on climatic data which, with some exceptions, are mostly 10 to 15 years old and ignore the potential effects of climate change. Thus, new European maps for the thermal design of structures should be developed using data that project more realistically the future climate. To this end, the authors present a methodology for developing thermal maps for structural design taking into account the influence of the changing climate and present an implementation of the methodology using the example of Italy.
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