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1.

Outcomes from the JRC-ESA joint workshop on advanced PV measurements and reliability [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report summarises the topics and the discussions held at the workshop on “Advanced PV Measurements and Reliability”, which was organised jointly by the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI) of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) and by the European Space Technology and Research Centre (ESTEC) of the European Space Agency (ESA). This workshop was one of the collaborative initiatives falling under the administrative agreement signed in 2013 between JRC and ESA. The workshop on “Advanced PV Measurements and Reliability” was held online on 11th and 12th November 2020, with more than 50 participants from both space and terrestrial PV communities and a balanced representation between them. Participants were from PV calibration and testing laboratories, national metrological institutes, university, public and private research centres, as well as manufacturing companies of PV cells, instrumentation and services. The areas covered by the workshop were the reliability of PV cells and ensembles, the standardisation for PV and the state-of-the-art best practices in the characterisation and calibration of PV cells, assemblies and modules. Good practices as well as present and foreseeable future challenges were reported and discussed. Some conclusions and recommendations on future collaborations and activities were drawn, too, and are presented here.

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2.

NER300 annual report 2020 [er] : administrative arrangement DG CLIMA deliverable 2.2.1. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

NER 300 is an EU funding programme for the demonstration of innovative renewable energy technologies at the pre-commercial stage. Projects have to submit annually to the European Commission relevant knowledge gained, which is assessed with a view to establishing whether the project has adequately complied with its obligations. This report summarises the key lessons learnt so far and the recommendations of the JRC on the knowledge gained and the lessons learnt.

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3.

Future CO2 reducing technologies in VECTO [er] : VECTO technology coverage and market uptake. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The software tool VECTO is used to determine the energy demand, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of new heavy-duty vehicles. The tool takes into account the relevant vehicle component technologies that affect fuel consumption and CO2 emissions and should be updated when new relevant technologies are brought to the market. This work presents the results of a survey investigating the capability of VECTO to simulate new vehicle technologies, along with CO2 reduction potential and the expected penetration rate in the market of these technologies. An in-depth analysis of these new technologies is presented in this work. Many of the technologies demonstrating high potential in reducing CO2 and market uptake in the near future (e.g. aero devices for trailers and bodies and hybrid electric powertrains) are currently being implemented in VECTO. The next steps can include zero-emission vehicles, such as fuel cell vehicles, and technologies that could be easily implemented.

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4.

Distribution system operators observatory 2020 [er] : an in-depth look on distribution grids in Europe. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The decarbonisation of our economies and the consequent process towards a more sustainable society are at the core of the set environmental policies. Distribution System Operators (DSOs) as responsible of delivering electricity from High Voltage level to final customers are among the top players in the paved transition. As part of the Clean Energy for All Europeans legislative package, the DSOs have an important role in the European energy market as neutral market facilitators, but also as innovators driving the transition of the energy system towards a more sustainable future. At the same time big differences exist between DSOs operating in different Member States. This report helps shedding some light on them through an extensive data collection. It shows technical data on grid infrastructure, but also analyses the potential of the interviewed DSOs to innovate and to operate their grid more efficiently. Additionally some regulatory aspects and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are discussed. Finally, some policy recommendations are given on the basis of the analysis carried out: a key point is to define a common methodology to gather data on distribution systems across Europe, both on technical and regulatory aspects.

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5.

Distribution system operators observatory 2020 : an in-depth look on distribution grids in Europe. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The decarbonisation of our economies and the consequent process towards a more sustainable society are at the core of the set environmental policies. Distribution System Operators (DSOs) as responsible of delivering electricity from High Voltage level to final customers are among the top players in the paved transition. As part of the Clean Energy for All Europeans legislative package, the DSOs have an important role in the European energy market as neutral market facilitators, but also as innovators driving the transition of the energy system towards a more sustainable future. At the same time big differences exist between DSOs operating in different Member States. This report helps shedding some light on them through an extensive data collection. It shows technical data on grid infrastructure, but also analyses the potential of the interviewed DSOs to innovate and to operate their grid more efficiently. Additionally some regulatory aspects and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are discussed. Finally, some policy recommendations are given on the basis of the analysis carried out: a key point is to define a common methodology to gather data on distribution systems across Europe, both on technical and regulatory aspects.

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6.

Batteries [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

With the announcement of the European Green Deal an intensified effort will be directed towards achieving a set of challenging targets to enable Europe to become the first climateneutral continent by 2050. Measures to facilitate this transition will need to be taken in many economic sectors, including energy, transport, industry and built environment. Battery energy storage is recognised as one of the key technologies for the transition to a decarbonised and clean energy system due to its broad application potential in the power sector and in transport. Share of electricity from renewable energy sources, such as e.g. wind and solar, is expected to further increase and their inherently intermittent nature necessitates deployment of energy storage solutions. While still in its infancy, battery energy storage at the grid level is set to play a key part in the future of the renewable energy industry and the power sector, by enabling the storage of surplus energy that currently goes to waste and by providing reliable grid services (e.g. peaking capacity, frequency and voltage control, peak shaving, congestion management, black start). In behind-the-meter applications, batteries improve power quality and increase the reliance on self-generation. In integrated systems supported by smart market designs, batteries may contribute to decentralisation and the shift of consumers to prosumers, thereby empowering the participation of the EU citizens in the energy market as envisaged in "Clean Energy for all Europeans" legislative package.6 Transport accounts for a quarter of the European Union’s greenhouse gas emissions and these continue to grow. The Green Deal seeks a 90% reduction in these emissions by 2050.1 Together with low-carbon options such as hydrogen or advanced biofuels, the deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) at large scale is a prerequisite in the transition to zero-emission mobility. Batteries also stand at the interface of power and transport supporting their sectoral integration. In the longer term, coupling these sectors may introduce cost efficiencies in the system and help bring their emissions closer to zero. At present Li-ion battery technology is dominating the rechargeable battery market in value and, thanks to its explosive growing at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of >15%, it is expected to break-even with such a well-established and mature battery technology as lead-acid also in volume in the near future.

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7.

Batteries : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

With the announcement of the European Green Deal an intensified effort will be directed towards achieving a set of challenging targets to enable Europe to become the first climateneutral continent by 2050. Measures to facilitate this transition will need to be taken in many economic sectors, including energy, transport, industry and built environment. Battery energy storage is recognised as one of the key technologies for the transition to a decarbonised and clean energy system due to its broad application potential in the power sector and in transport. Share of electricity from renewable energy sources, such as e.g. wind and solar, is expected to further increase and their inherently intermittent nature necessitates deployment of energy storage solutions. While still in its infancy, battery energy storage at the grid level is set to play a key part in the future of the renewable energy industry and the power sector, by enabling the storage of surplus energy that currently goes to waste and by providing reliable grid services (e.g. peaking capacity, frequency and voltage control, peak shaving, congestion management, black start). In behind-the-meter applications, batteries improve power quality and increase the reliance on self-generation. In integrated systems supported by smart market designs, batteries may contribute to decentralisation and the shift of consumers to prosumers, thereby empowering the participation of the EU citizens in the energy market as envisaged in "Clean Energy for all Europeans" legislative package.6 Transport accounts for a quarter of the European Union’s greenhouse gas emissions and these continue to grow. The Green Deal seeks a 90% reduction in these emissions by 2050.1 Together with low-carbon options such as hydrogen or advanced biofuels, the deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) at large scale is a prerequisite in the transition to zero-emission mobility. Batteries also stand at the interface of power and transport supporting their sectoral integration. In the longer term, coupling these sectors may introduce cost efficiencies in the system and help bring their emissions closer to zero.5 At present Li-ion battery technology is dominating the rechargeable battery market in value and, thanks to its explosive growing at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of >15%, it is expected to break-even with such a well-established and mature battery technology as lead-acid also in volume in the near future.

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8.

Photovoltaics [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Over the past decade, solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity has grown rapidly to become a significant player in energy supply and a truly global industry. It is characterised by rapid innovation and increasing cost-competitiveness. As such, it is uniquely positioned to help achieve the EU's energy transition and climate change objectivesas well as to support EU jobs and economic growth in the context of the Green Deal. This LCEO Technology Development Report aims to provide an unbiased assessment of the state of the art, development trends, targets and needs, technological barriers, as well as techno-economic projections until 2050. In this third edition (previous technology development reports were released in 2016 and 2018 and a PV technology market report in 2019) particular attention is given to how projects funded under Horizon 2020 are contributing to technology advancements in this field and to the related SET plan objectives

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9.

Photovoltaics : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Over the past decade, solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity has grown rapidly to become a significant player in energy supply and a truly global industry. It is characterised by rapid innovation and increasing cost-competitiveness. As such, it is uniquely positioned to help achieve the EU's energy transition and climate change objectivesas well as to support EU jobs and economic growth in the context of the Green Deal. This LCEO Technology Development Report aims to provide an unbiased assessment of the state of the art, development trends, targets and needs, technological barriers, as well as techno-economic projections until 2050. In this third edition (previous technology development reports were released in 2016 and 2018 and a PV technology market report in 2019) particular attention is given to how projects funded under Horizon 2020 are contributing to technology advancements in this field and to the related SET plan objectives.

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10.

Geothermal energy : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Geothermal energy has significant untapped potential for both electrical and direct-use applications in the EU. Currently, 'traditional' hydrothermal applications are most common for electricity production, but if EGS technology is proven the technical potential increases significantly. The technologies for hydrothermal applications, direct use (including GSHP) can be considered mature. R&D in those areas is needed to further lower the costs by e.g. developments in new materials, drilling techniques, higher efficiency, optimisation of maintenance and operation. The use of unconventional geothermal (EGS) is only now moving its first steps in the demonstration phase (see e.g. the promising results of the DEEPEGS project), thus R&D support in various areas (deep drilling, reservoir creation and enhancement, seismicity prediction and control) is still highly needed. The Implementation Plan of the SET Plan Temporary Working Group describes the current level of market or technical readiness of specific research areas in geothermal. The areas with the lowest TRL relate to the enhancement of reservoirs (4); advanced drilling (5); equipment and materials to improve operational availability (4-5); integration of geothermal heat and power into the energy system (4-5). More funding has been allocated to geothermal energy during H2020 than any previous funding programme. Although the timeframe of this report (which covers until the end of 2019) precludes a full assessment of the impact of H2020 projects, as a number of projects are still at an early stage of execution, a preliminary analysis on the completed projects highlights a general achievement of the objectives. On the other hand, analysing the distribution of the funding allocated up to now, it can be pointed out that the areas relating to 'Equipment / Materials and methods and equipment to improve operational availability', 'Improvement of performance' and 'Exploration techniques' may need additional attention. In addition, non-technical barriers are still important but extend beyond the issue of public acceptance. Past and current EU-funded projects have been and are advancing the state-of-the art, mainly for exploration (drilling), new materials/tools and the enhancement of reservoirs. Projects have also helped to address non-technical issues such as (financial) risk assessment and mitigation, public acceptance, training. Patenting trends highlight that over the last decade the European Union progressively lost the role as leader that it had gained around 2007-2008, being replaced by the Far-East countries, i.e. China, Republic of Korea, and Japan, which now clearly dominate the innovation sector.

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11.

Geothermal energy [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Geothermal energy has significant untapped potential for both electrical and direct-use applications in the EU. Currently, 'traditional' hydrothermal applications are most common for electricity production, but if EGS technology is proven the technical potential increases significantly. The technologies for hydrothermal applications, direct use (including GSHP) can be considered mature. R&D in those areas is needed to further lower the costs by e.g. developments in new materials, drilling techniques, higher efficiency, optimisation of maintenance and operation. The use of unconventional geothermal (EGS) is only now moving its first steps in the demonstration phase (see e.g. the promising results of the DEEPEGS project), thus R&D support in various areas (deep drilling, reservoir creation and enhancement, seismicity prediction and control) is still highly needed. The Implementation Plan of the SET Plan Temporary Working Group describes the current level of market or technical readiness of specific research areas in geothermal. The areas with the lowest TRL relate to the enhancement of reservoirs (4); advanced drilling (5); equipment and materials to improve operational availability (4-5); integration of geothermal heat and power into the energy system (4-5). More funding has been allocated to geothermal energy during H2020 than any previous funding programme. Although the timeframe of this report (which covers until the end of 2019) precludes a full assessment of the impact of H2020 projects, as a number of projects are still at an early stage of execution, a preliminary analysis on the completed projects highlights a general achievement of the objectives. On the other hand, analysing the distribution of the funding allocated up to now, it can be pointed out that the areas relating to 'Equipment / Materials and methods and equipment to improve operational availability', 'Improvement of performance' and 'Exploration techniques' may need additional attention. In addition, non-technical barriers are still important but extend beyond the issue of public acceptance. Past and current EU-funded projects have been and are advancing the state-of-the art, mainly for exploration (drilling), new materials/tools and the enhancement of reservoirs. Projects have also helped to address non-technical issues such as (financial) risk assessment and mitigation, public acceptance, training. Patenting trends highlight that over the last decade the European Union progressively lost the role as leader that it had gained around 2007-2008, being replaced by the Far-East countries, i.e. China, Republic of Korea, and Japan, which now clearly dominate the innovation sector.

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12.

Carbon capture utilisation & storage : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

In December 2015 at the Climate conference (COP 21) in Paris, policy makers agreed on the ambition to keep the temperature bellow 2 0C aiming for 1.5 0C. According to the IEA, to reach the 2 0C scenario target, it will be necessary to store around 94 Giga tonnes of (cumulative) or 6 Giga tonnes (Gt) per year of CO2 by 2050. So far, nearly 260 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 emissions have been captured and stored globally. The Special Report on Global warming of 1.5°C (IPCC SR15) reinforced the important role of CCS in avoiding dangerous climate change. More recently, the 1.5°C compliant scenarios in the European Commission’s strategic long-term vision depend on CCS and CO2 removal techniques to achieve climate neutrality. In Europe, carbon capture and storage gained more political attention from 2005. The first CCS communication from the EU dates in 2006 [5]. In 2007, CCS was included in the European agenda as an important tool to keep climate change in control. In 2009, the first EU CCS directive was published and then several funding mechanisms for R&D, demonstration projects have been created via framework programmes and other EU funding schemes. CCUS has been acknowledged in the context of the European Energy Union as a fundamental research and development priority to achieve 2050 climate objectives in a cost-effective way. Most recently, the new European Green Deal included carbon capture, storage and utilisation in the technologies necessary toward a transition to climate neutrality. CCUS is relevant to a number of areas including energy generation, industry, transport sector, and waste disposal. CO2 utilisation has attracted interest due to a potential for the replacement of non-sustainable fossil fuels by recycled CO2 that could both prevent the use of fossil fuel and avoid net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. CO2 utilisation has also emerged as a source of potential competitive advantage for the European industry in the production of fuels, chemicals and materials. A variety of CO2 sources is available which can be classified as point CO2 sources and atmospheric CO2 sources. The predicted short-term market potential by for CO2 utilisation processes is around 200 MtCO2/y (300 in the best case), compared to about 14 000 MtCO2/y emitted from large point sources [10]. Thus, mapping the best points of CO2 emission and matching with utilisation opportunities will be significantly important to justify the potential of CO2 utilisation potential. Finally, potential uses of CO2 would need to satisfy certain criteria such as emission reduction benefits, revenue to cover CO2 feedstock costs and meaningful scale to make sense as a climate change mitigation option.

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13.

Carbon capture utilisation & storage [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

In December 2015 at the Climate conference (COP 21) in Paris, policy makers agreed on the ambition to keep the temperature bellow 2 0C aiming for 1.5 0C. According to the IEA, to reach the 2 0C scenario target, it will be necessary to store around 94 Giga tonnes of (cumulative) or 6 Giga tonnes (Gt) per year of CO2 by 2050. So far, nearly 260 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 emissions have been captured and stored globally. The Special Report on Global warming of 1.5°C (IPCC SR15) reinforced the important role of CCS in avoiding dangerous climate change. More recently, the 1.5°C compliant scenarios in the European Commission’s strategic long-term vision depend on CCS and CO2 removal techniques to achieve climate neutrality. In Europe, carbon capture and storage gained more political attention from 2005. The first CCS communication from the EU dates in 2006 [5]. In 2007, CCS was included in the European agenda as an important tool to keep climate change in control. In 2009, the first EU CCS directive was published and then several funding mechanisms for R&D, demonstration projects have been created via framework programmes and other EU funding schemes. CCUS has been acknowledged in the context of the European Energy Union as a fundamental research and development priority to achieve 2050 climate objectives in a cost-effective way. Most recently, the new European Green Deal included carbon capture, storage and utilisation in the technologies necessary toward a transition to climate neutrality. CCUS is relevant to a number of areas including energy generation, industry, transport sector, and waste disposal. CO2 utilisation has attracted interest due to a potential for the replacement of non-sustainable fossil fuels by recycled CO2 that could both prevent the use of fossil fuel and avoid net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. CO2 utilisation has also emerged as a source of potential competitive advantage for the European industry in the production of fuels, chemicals and materials. A variety of CO2 sources is available which can be classified as point CO2 sources and atmospheric CO2 sources. The predicted short-term market potential by for CO2 utilisation processes is around 200 MtCO2/y (300 in the best case), compared to about 14 000 MtCO2/y emitted from large point sources [10]. Thus, mapping the best points of CO2 emission and matching with utilisation opportunities will be significantly important to justify the potential of CO2 utilisation potential. Finally, potential uses of CO2 would need to satisfy certain criteria such as emission reduction benefits, revenue to cover CO2 feedstock costs and meaningful scale to make sense as a climate change mitigation option.

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14.

Sustainable advanced biofuels [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This Technology Development Report for ‘Sustainable Advanced Biofuels’ is an update to the version produced in 2018. Since then, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) the socalled ‘recast’ of 2009/28/EC has been published (Directive 2018/2001 or REDII). It contains a 14% target for renewable energy in transport by 2030, an increase from the previous 10% level, with a new advanced biofuels sub-target of 3.5%. In addition, it has been confirmed advanced biofuels will count double towards the target, however biofuels in Annex IX, Part B will be counted only up to 1.7%. The production of conventional biofuels will be frozen at national level at 2020 values +1% but must not go beyond the 7% level (Member States with a share of conventional biofuels less than 2% can still reach the 2% level). In December 2019, the European Commission presented the ‘European Green Deal’ that represents a new growth strategy aiming to transform the EU into a fair and prosperous society, with no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2050 (COM(2019) 640). In order to move to a clean, circular economy and stop climate change, the EU Green Deal provides a roadmap with actions to boost the efficient use of resources. It covers all sectors of the economy, including transport. Transport accounts for a quarter of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions and it is still growing. In order to achieve climate neutrality, a 90% reduction in transport emissions is needed by 2050. Accelerating the shift to sustainable and smart mobility is one of the elements of the European Green Deal and the ramp-up of the production and deployment of sustainable alternative transport fuels, including advanced biofuels is one of the objectives. The definition of ‘advanced’ biofuels is not univocal since the term advanced can refer to various attributes of the value chain. In this report, we consider advanced, those technologies capable of converting lignocellulosic feedstocks (i.e. agricultural and forestry residues), non-food and non-feed biomass (i.e. grasses, miscanthus, algae) and biogenic waste and residues (e.g. biogenic fraction of municipal solid waste and animal manure) into transportation fuels and having high greenhouse gas emissions savings, and zero or low indirect land use change (ILUC) impact.

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15.

Sustainable advanced biofuels : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This Technology Development Report for ‘Sustainable Advanced Biofuels’ is an update to the version produced in 2018. Since then, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) the socalled ‘recast’ of 2009/28/EC has been published (Directive 2018/2001 or REDII). It contains a 14% target for renewable energy in transport by 2030, an increase from the previous 10% level, with a new advanced biofuels sub-target of 3.5%. In addition, it has been confirmed advanced biofuels will count double towards the target, however biofuels in Annex IX, Part B will be counted only up to 1.7%. The production of conventional biofuels will be frozen at national level at 2020 values +1% but must not go beyond the 7% level (Member States with a share of conventional biofuels less than 2% can still reach the 2% level). In December 2019, the European Commission presented the ‘European Green Deal’ that represents a new growth strategy aiming to transform the EU into a fair and prosperous society, with no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2050 (COM(2019) 640). In order to move to a clean, circular economy and stop climate change, the EU Green Deal provides a roadmap with actions to boost the efficient use of resources. It covers all sectors of the economy, including transport. Transport accounts for a quarter of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions and it is still growing. In order to achieve climate neutrality, a 90% reduction in transport emissions is needed by 2050. Accelerating the shift to sustainable and smart mobility is one of the elements of the European Green Deal and the ramp-up of the production and deployment of sustainable alternative transport fuels, including advanced biofuels is one of the objectives. The definition of ‘advanced’ biofuels is not univocal since the term advanced can refer to various attributes of the value chain. In this report, we consider advanced, those technologies capable of converting lignocellulosic feedstocks (i.e. agricultural and forestry residues), non-food and non-feed biomass (i.e. grasses, miscanthus, algae) and biogenic waste and residues (e.g. biogenic fraction of municipal solid waste and animal manure) into transportation fuels and having high greenhouse gas emissions savings, and zero or low indirect land use change (ILUC) impact.

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16.

Advanced alternative fuels : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This is the second iteration of the Technology Development Report for Advanced Alternative Fuels. As will be seen from this report, the fuel production pathways studied tend to be ‘ground-breaking’ or relatively new, with much work being carried out at laboratory scale. While that means projects tend to be at low-TRL, it is possible they could become applicable at higher TRL levels. When seeking to define what constitutes an advanced alternative fuel (AAF), a number of important sources have been referred to. Principally, the SET-Plan Integrated Roadmap description has been used as the main guide to define the fuel types considered. The roadmap states such fuels represent new technological concepts for the introduction of non-biomass and non-fossil based alternative fuels in transport. This includes: - CO2-based and CO2-neutral liquid and gaseous fuels such as methanol, ethanol, green gas or other fuel molecules using renewable energy, and - Artificial photosynthesis and fuel from photosynthetic microorganisms (in water and land environments) and from artificial photosynthesis mimics (SET-Plan Integrated Roadmap, 2014).

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17.

Advanced alternative fuels [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This is the second iteration of the Technology Development Report for Advanced Alternative Fuels. As will be seen from this report, the fuel production pathways studied tend to be ‘ground-breaking’ or relatively new, with much work being carried out at laboratory scale. While that means projects tend to be at low-TRL, it is possible they could become applicable at higher TRL levels. When seeking to define what constitutes an advanced alternative fuel (AAF), a number of important sources have been referred to. Principally, the SET-Plan Integrated Roadmap description has been used as the main guide to define the fuel types considered. The roadmap states such fuels represent new technological concepts for the introduction of non-biomass and non-fossil based alternative fuels in transport. This includes: - CO2-based and CO2-neutral liquid and gaseous fuels such as methanol, ethanol, green gas or other fuel molecules using renewable energy, and - Artificial photosynthesis and fuel from photosynthetic microorganisms (in water and land environments) and from artificial photosynthesis mimics (SET-Plan Integrated Roadmap, 2014).

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18.

Solar thermal electricity : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Solar thermal electric or concentrated solar power plants1 generate electricity by converting solar energy to heat, which is then used to generate electricity in a thermal power block. When combined with a thermal storage system, STE provides dispatchable, renewable electricity. This can help achieve the EU's energy transition, support EU jobs and promote economic growth. This LCEO Technology Development Report aims to provide an unbiased assessment of development trends, targets and needs, of technological barriers and of techno-economic projections for STE until 2050. Particular attention is given to how EC funded projects are contributing to technology advancements. It follows the structure and methodology set out in the updated LCEO Work Programme (as revised in 2017). It is noted that the 2019 LCEO Technology Market Report covers medium and long-term perspectives for CSP technology markets, highlighting the role of EU stakeholders.

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19.

Solar thermal electricity [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Solar thermal electric or concentrated solar power plants1 generate electricity by converting solar energy to heat, which is then used to generate electricity in a thermal power block. When combined with a thermal storage system, STE provides dispatchable, renewable electricity. This can help achieve the EU's energy transition, support EU jobs and promote economic growth. This LCEO Technology Development Report aims to provide an unbiased assessment of development trends, targets and needs, of technological barriers and of techno-economic projections for STE until 2050. Particular attention is given to how EC funded projects are contributing to technology advancements. It follows the structure and methodology set out in the updated LCEO Work Programme (as revised in 2017). It is noted that the 2019 LCEO Technology Market Report covers medium and long-term perspectives for CSP technology markets, highlighting the role of EU stakeholders

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20.

Wind energy : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

The aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology DevelopThe aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology and to identify how EC funded projects contributed to technology advancements. Moreover, this version of the LCEO Technology Development Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.ent Report complements the last version [JRC 2019a] which explained main characteristics on wind energy with detailed development trends of the main technical indicators in onshore and offshore wind. A main focus is on the progress and technology readiness level (TRL) of R&D wind energy projects in the European context funded through the main European research funding instruments. Particularly for offshore wind energy, the progress within the SET-Plan1 Implementation Working Group (IWG) for Offshore Wind is analysed against its research priorities. As such, this report sets a clear emphasis on the technology status, research landscape and deployment and development trends in the European market and provides an outlook for wind energy under a scenario compatible with the SET-Plan targets and striving for full decarbonisation of the European energy system until 2050.

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