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1.

ELISE Workshop at DigitALL conference [er] : enabling the interoperability of digital government from a location perspective. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This document is a report of a workshop held by the European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government (ELISE) action of the Interoperability solutions for public administrations, businesses and citizens (ISA²) programme, at the DigitALL Public conference, the online closing event of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) Digital and the ISA² programmes. Together with the Member States, these programmes have helped build cross-border public services for citizens, provided free interoperable solutions to companies and connected various organisations in different sectors. The conference celebrated achievements in the two programmes while looking ahead towards Europe's digital future and the beginning of the new Digital Europe Programme (DEP). During the workshop, speakers and panellists from the European Commission and public administrations in the Member States, industry and international organisations showcased through user stories examples of good practices developed through ELISE support. After an introduction on ELISE by Francesco Pignatelli, ELISE Action Leader at the EU Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), in the first session of the workshop, Ray Boguslawski - external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Miguel Alvarez Rodriguez - Programme Manager at the European Commission DG Informatics (DG DIGIT), Andrea Halmos - Policy Officer at the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), and Tomaž Petek - Director General at the Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia, provided their perspectives on the value and role of a Location Interoperability Framework (the EULF Blueprint) and its relationship with the European Interoperability Framework (EIF). In the second session, Lorena Hernández Quirós from the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Joeri Robbrecht - Policy Analyst at the European Commission DG Environment (DG ENV), Ine De Visser - Standards Advisor at Geonovum, and Gobe Hobona - Director of Product Management, Standards at the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), provided their perspectives on the reuse of tools for interoperable location data and reporting. They highlighted, in particular, the role of the two ELISE flagship solutions, Re3gistry and INSPIRE Reference Validator. In the third session, Giacomo Martirano – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Gabriele Ciasullo - "Database and Open Data" Service Responsible at the Italian Agency for Digital Identity (AgID), Italy, Gema Hernández Moral - Project manager and researcher at CARTIF, Spain, and Volker Coors - Scientific Director at Institute of Applied Research, Germany, provided their perspectives on the reuse of location data interoperability principles and methodologies in different sectors. The latter was demonstrated through various pilots and applications carried out under the ELISE action. In the fourth session, Simon Vrečar – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Morten Borrabaek - Mapping Authority, Norway, Eva Pauknerová – CUZK, Czechia, and Ricardo Vitorino – Ubiwhere, Portugal, provided different perspectives on user-driven approaches regarding location interoperability. The highlights were on how knowledge transfer can help achieve interoperability benefits. Finally, the workshop concluded with a panel session where attendees gave their views on the future importance of location interoperability and how initiatives can provide the necessary support.

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2.

Proceedings of the 2021 conference on Big Data from Space [er] : 18-20 May 2021. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The BiDS conference series is co-organised by the European Space Agency (ESA), the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, and the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen). BiDS’21 emphasises not only on the insights that can be retrieved from Big Data from Space but also on the exploitation of these insights for foresight to improve our capacity to detect trends and model future evolution. This capacity is becoming increasingly important given the pace at which our World is changing. This is exemplified and reflected by the EU Destination Earth (DestinE) initiative and the related digital twin of the Earth. The objective of DestinE is to develop a very high precision digital model of the Earth to monitor and simulate natural and human activity, and to develop and test scenarios that would enable more sustainable development and support European environmental policies. The provision of more reliable scenarios of future evolution under different boundary conditions requires us to improve our understanding of Earth’s dynamic systems besides their monitoring. Similarly to past editions of this conference, the 2021 edition provides a snapshot of the different research and innovation developments in the field of Big Data from Space including technical aspects and applications. These proceedings contain the papers presented at the on-line BiDS’21 conference held on May 18-20 as an on-line conference.

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3.

Landings by the EU Member States from the UK EEZ and by the United Kingdom from the EU-27 and the UK EEZs [er] : 2015-2018. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

In February 2020, DG MARE asked the Joint Research Centre (JRC) to provide support for the preparation of an EU-27 position in the context of negotiations on sharing of fish stocks in the North Sea and in the North Western waters by extending two analyses done by the JRC in 2017. The request was issued by Director-General of DG MARE, Bernhard Friess, to the acting Director-General of the JRC, Charlina Vitcheva. The original request along with the answer by the JRC is annexed to the main report. The request encompassed the analysis for the period 2015 to 2018 of landings of fish (by weight and value) by the EU-27 fleets caught in the UK Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), and, vice versa, of the landings (by weight and value) taken by the UK in the EU-27 and in the UK EEZs respectively.

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4.

Clustering and unsupervised classification in forensics [er] : from theory to practice. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Nowadays, crime investigators collect an ever increasing amount of potential digital evidence from suspects, continuously increasing the need for techniques of digital forensics. Often, digital evidence will be in the form of mostly unstructured and unlabeled data and seemingly uncorrelated information. Manually sorting out and understanding this type of data constitutes a considerable challenge, sometimes even a psychological burden, or at least a prohibitively time consuming activity. Therefore, forensic research should explore and leverage the capabilities of cluster algorithms and unsupervised machine learning towards creating robust and autonomous analysis tools for criminal investigators faced with this situation. This report presents a first comprehensive study from theory to practice on the specific case of video forensics.

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5.

Digitranscope [er] : the governance of digitally-transformed society. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This volume presents the key outcomes and research findings of the Digitranscope research project of the European Commission Joint Research Centre. The project set out to explore during the period 2017-2020 the challenges and opportunities that the digital transformation is posing to the governance of society. We focused our attention on the governance of data as a key aspect to understand and shape the governance of society. Data is a key resource in the digital economy, and control over the way it is generated, collected, aggregated, and value is extracted and distributed in society is crucial. We have explored the increasing awareness about the strategic importance of data and emerging governance models to distribute the value generated more equitably in society. These findings contribute to the new policy orientation in Europe on technological and data sovereignty and the sharing of data for the public interest. The digital transformation, the rise of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things offer also new opportunities for new forms of policy design, implementation, and assessment providing more personalised support to those who need it and being more participative throughout the policy cycle. The use of digital twins, gaming, simulation, and synthetic data is just at the beginning but promises to change radically the relationships among all the stakeholders in governance of our society

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6.

Digitranscope [er] : key findings. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This brochure summarises the key findings of the Digitranscope research project of the European Commission Joint Research Centre. The project set out to explore during the period 2017-2020 the challenges and opportunities that the digital transformation is posing to the governance of society. We focused our attention on the governance of data as a key aspect to understand and shape the governance of society. Data is a key resource in the digital economy, and control over the way it is generated, collected, aggregated, and value is extracted and distributed in society is crucial. For this reason we analysed emerging governance models to distribute the value generated from data more equitably in society. The digital transformation, the rise of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things offer also new opportunities for new forms of policy design, implementation, and assessment providing more personalised support to those who need it and being more participative throughout the policy cycle. The use of digital twins, gaming, simulation, and synthetic data is just at the beginning but promises to change radically the relationships among all the stakeholders in governance of our society.

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7.

Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence [er] : a literature review. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Artificial intelligence has entered into the sphere of creativity and ingenuity. Recent headlines refer to paintings produced by machines, music performed or composed by algorithms or drugs discovered by computer programs. This paper discusses the possible implications of the development and adoption of this new technology in the intellectual property framework and presents the opinions expressed by practitioners and legal scholars in recent publications. The literature review, although not intended to be exhaustive, reveals a series of questions that call for further reflection. These concern the protection of artificial intelligence by intellectual property, the use of data to feed algorithms, the protection of the results generated by intelligent machines as well as the relationship between ethical requirements of transparency and explainability and the interests of rights holders. This report is based on a background paper to the JRC report "Artificial Intelligence: A European perspective" (2018).

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8.

Landings by EU-8 Member States from the United Kingdom’s exclusive economic zone [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2017.

Summary

In a communication of 24 November 2016 from the Director General of DG MARE, Mr Joao Aguiar Machado, to the Director General of the JRC, Mr Vladimir Sucha, the JRC was requested to carry out an analysis to determine the proportions of fish stocks distributed in the waters of the various Member States and of the catches of such fish and in particular, as a matter of urgency, to obtain the best possible information on catches (and the value of those catches) taken from the UK EEZ by EU-27 states. Subsequent to that communication a meeting between representatives from the relevant EU-27 Member States (BE, DE, DK, ES, FR, IE, NL, SE, herafter referred to as the EU-8), DG MARE and JRC was held on 16 December 2016 to discuss the approach to be taken and the timeline. At that meeting it was agreed that during January 2017, Member States would be given the opportunity to resubmit data for cases where there was the need to amend the data previously submitted under the 2016 DCF Fleet Economic and FDI data calls (e.g. 2015 landings data were preliminary in the 2016 Fleet economics data call). It was also agreed that the JRC would provide its data upload facility, compile and analyse the data submitted by Member States and produce a report containing as primary product, 5-year averages of estimates of landings in weight and value by each (relevant) Member State from the UK EEZ, also expressed as percentage of total MS landings and value, plus tables of the breakdown of such estimates by fish species and Member State. This report presents the results of the analyses undertaken by the JRC.

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9.

Adult learning and the business cycle [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report looks at the impact of the business cycle on participation in adult learning in the EU-27 using aggregate quarterly country level data for the period 2005Q1 – 2019Q4. Data come from the EU Labour Force Survey. Although downturns may give individuals more incentives and more time to update their skills and knowledge, their ability to pay for such investment as well as employers’ willingness to train workforce are both likely to fall during recessions. Which of these effects prevails is an empirical open question. In an attempt to investigate this issue, the analysis presented here: i) documents a large cross country variability in the levels of total adult learning (participation rate in total adult learning is greater in Nordic countries compared to the other EU countries); ii) shows that, in the EU as a whole, the share of individuals involved in non-formal adult learning tends to correlate positively with the employment rate (i.e. non-formal adult learning is procyclical); iii) points out that the procyclicality of the relationship between total adult learning and the business cycle is more pronounced in Eastern and Western countries as compared to Nordic and Southern countries

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10.

The techno-economic segment analysis of the Earth observation ecosystem [er] : the TES approach applied to the EO worldwide ecosystem. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2019.

Summary

This report analyses the worldwide landscape of the Earth observation ecosystem to identify opportunities, synergies, and obstacles that need to be addressed to foster the development of a vibrant space data economy in Europe. The report uses the Techno-Economic Segment (TES) analytical approach to provide a holistic view of the EO and geospatial ecosystem in Europe and worldwide through the identification of players and key clusters of activities. It also takes into consideration the potential flows of knowledge resulting from shared activities, locations and technological fields. The approach adopts a micro-based perspective considering a wide range of both horizontal and segment specific data sources. The outcome is a compelling characterisation of the key features of this very dynamic ecosystem. The TES EO ecosystem shows a very diverse global landscape with three distinguished global hubs, namely EU28, China and the US, as possible incubators for EO-linked innovation. Those hubs have the largest number of players in case of R&D and well as in case of industry. Nevertheless, the distribution of EO activities and concentration of those activities look quite different in the three leading macro areas. As far as the R&D activities are considered, the EU28 has the highest overall number of players involved in the all types of R&D activities, but scores quite low if only the patents are taken into account. Out of the three big players, the US has the smallest number of players involved in the overall EO R&D and stable position in number of patenting. In case of China, the largest number of R&D activities is concentrated in hands of relatively few players. In conclusion, the findings of this report confirm a general expectation about the growth in the EO downstream segment. However, up to 2017 the growth has not been staggering. Since 2017, there have been continuous policy efforts to increase the uptake of EO data in order to enable market growth.

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11.

Scenarios and tools for locally targeted COVID-19 non pharmaceutical intervention measures [er] : building the necessary tools for monitoring and planning the containment of COVID-19 at EU level. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

In its communication on Short-term EU health preparedness for COVID-19 outbreaks (COM(2020) 318 final) the Commission calls for “targeted and localised non-medical countermeasures, informed by research and evidence” to avoid major social and economic consequences from large-scale lockdown measures. This study provides insights based on mathematical modelling of spatial transmission patterns of COVID-19. It also uses aggregated and anonymised mobility data shared by Mobile Network Operators with the European Commission for this purpose.

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12.

Social dimension of the CFP (STECF-20-14) [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Commission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. This report further develops the methodologies for the collection and analysis of social data in fisheries, to be applied for the collection of social data for the data call 2021 and the subsequent analysis and use of these data. Additionally, the report assesses the impact of the Common Fisheries Policy Regulation and the implementation of its Articles 5.2 (access to waters) and 16 and 17 (fishing opportunities) of Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 on the social situation of small-scale coastal fishers and their communities.

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13.

Big data in economics and finance [er] : special session at the 6th International Conference on Machine Learning, Optimization, and Data Science (LOD2020). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

The financial and macroeconomic worlds are nowadays experiencing structural changes due to the availability of large amount of unstructured data, also know as Big Data. The Big Data and Forecasting of Economic Developments project (bigNOMICS) of the Centre for Advanced Studies of the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-CAS) organized the Special Session on Big data in Economics and Finance within The 6th International Conference on Machine Learning, Optimization, and Data Science (https://lod2020.icas.xyz/). This special session gathered together researchers and practitioners from diverse universities and institutions and covered topics ranging from finance, economics, business to computer science, with the goal of discussing the latest applications of Big Data technologies to economics and finance. The special session consisted of a total of twelve presentations covering four macro-areas: the usage of news and text data for business and financial applications (session 1), exploring the usefulness of big data and machine learning technologies in finance (session 3), financial and macroeconomic risk assessment (session 5), relevance of such technologies from an industrial and institutional perspective (session 7). Each session was composed by three long papers presentation of 45 minutes (with the exception of session 5 which consisted in 2 long and 1 short presentations). There were a total of four pre-recorded, three screen sharing and one on-site presentations.

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14.

The Competence Centre on Microeconomic Evaluation (CC-ME) [er] : yearbook 2019. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Counterfactual Impact Evaluation (CIE) compares the outcomes of individuals participating in a programme or firms / regions subject to a specific regulation (the treated group) with the outcomes of a comparison group, similar in all respects to the treated one but for participation to the programme (the comparison or control group). The comparison group helps addressing the question: ‘what would have happened to the treated individuals (or firms/regions) had they not participated to the programme?’ known as the counterfactual case.

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15.

GHS-SmartDissolve [er] : documentation version 2. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

The GHS-SmartDissolve Tool– version 2.0 is an information system developed in the framework of the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) to conduct smart and flexible aggregation of adjacent and complex polygons storing quantitative data. GHS-SmartDissolve is a tool that handles minimum mapping unit, resolution mismatch between layers, or spatial uncertainty problems in GISc. This tool automatically dissolves polygons below a threshold area or a threshold attribute value, updating fields’ values to meet a minimum target area or a minimum attribute value. This flexible framework allows to select the ordering of polygon analysis, different dissolve rules, and different field updating operations. The GHS-SmartDissolve is available as toolbox for ArcGIS 10.X. This document contains the description of the GHS-SmartDissolve Tool use, with details and description of the different settings and output. The GHS-SmartDissolve, as all GHSL Tools, is issued with an end-user licence agreement, included in the download package.

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16.

GHS-SmartDissolve : documentation version 2. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

The GHS-SmartDissolve Tool– version 2.0 is an information system developed in the framework of the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) to conduct smart and flexible aggregation of adjacent and complex polygons storing quantitative data. GHS-SmartDissolve is a tool that handles minimum mapping unit, resolution mismatch between layers, or spatial uncertainty problems in GISc. This tool automatically dissolves polygons below a threshold area or a threshold attribute value, updating fields’ values to meet a minimum target area or a minimum attribute value. This flexible framework allows to select the ordering of polygon analysis, different dissolve rules, and different field updating operations. The GHS-SmartDissolve is available as toolbox for ArcGIS 10.X. This document contains the description of the GHS-SmartDissolve Tool use, with details and description of the different settings and output. The GHS-SmartDissolve, as all GHSL Tools, is issued with an end-user licence agreement, included in the download package.

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17.

LUCAS 2015 topsoil survey [er] : presentation of dataset and results. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This report accompanies the release of the LUCAS 2015 soil dataset. It presents an overview of the laboratory analysis data and provides a detailed description of the results for the EU-28 territory. The report describes the spatial variability of soil properties by land cover (LC) class and a comparative analysis of the soil properties by NUTS 2 regions. Regular monitoring provides a unique perspective on pressures affecting soils. In this respect, the soil module of the Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey’ (generally referred to as LUCAS Soil) supports the specific needs of the European Commission by collecting data that characterises soil condition and health in relation to land use practices and other activities (e.g. industrial emissions) that are driven by specific policy instruments. The LUCAS Soil Module is the only mechanism that currently provides a harmonised and regular collection of soil data for the entire territory of the European Union (EU), addressing all major land cover types simultaneously, in a single sampling period (generally April – October). At the same time, the LUCAS Soil module can support further policy needs through a flexibility that permits both the collection of new field data, if required from new sampling sites, together with additional laboratory analysis. This capacity reflects a diverse policy user base and an evolving policy landscape. The drive to collect soil samples under the umbrella of LUCAS was led initially by DG Environment, who provided funding for the 2009 survey. At that time, the main LUCAS survey was planned for 23 EU Member States (MS). Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta and Romania were excluded, while Croatia was not a MS at the time. The initial premise for the soil module was to collect a baseline dataset on a range of soil characteristics such as organic matter content, nutrient status, fertility, acidification and soil pollution (metals). An approach was developed to collect samples from 10% of the sites where field visits (i.e. verification) were to be carried out as part of the main LUCAS Survey. In 2009, this gave 235,000 possible locations for 23,500 soil samples. At the end of the survey, about 20,000 had been collected from a depth of 20 cm following a common sampling procedure. These samples were analysed according to standard analytical methods in a single laboratory for a range of physical and chemical properties. In addition, visible and near-infrared spectra were acquired for all samples. The same procedure, sampling method and analysis standards were extended in 2012 to Bulgaria and Romania, where samples were collected from about 2,000 locations. In 2015, the survey was carried out for all twenty-eight EU MS. Of the locations sampled in 2009 and 2012, 90% were maintained. The remaining 10% were substituted by new locations, including new points at altitudes above 1,000 m, which were out of scope of the LUCAS 2009 and LUCAS 2012 surveys.

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18.

Tools for monitoring robust regression in SAS IML studio [er] : S, MM, LTS, LMS and especially the forward search. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This report focuses on robust regression tools that are at the core of a JRC system for the routine generation and dissemination of EU import prices and the detection of patterns of anti-fraud relevance in large volumes of trade. These tools have been implemented in SAS in the context of a project supported by the Hercule III program of the European Commission. Although the development framework is very specific to anti-fraud, the applicability of the SAS package is much wider and the underlying models (previously conceived by the academic co-authors of the report) are very general. The forward search (FS) is a general method of robust data fitting that moves smoothly from very robust to maximum likelihood estimation. The regression procedures are already included in a MATLAB toolbox, FSDA, developed by the same authors of this report. The work on a SAS version of the FS originates from the need for the analysis of large data sets expressed by law enforcement services operating in the European Union that can use our SAS software for detecting data anomalies that may point to fraudulent customs returns. The series of fits provided by the FS leads to the adaptive data-dependent choice of highly efficient robust estimates. It also allows monitoring of residuals and parameter estimates for fits of differing robustness. Our SAS package applies the idea of monitoring to several robust estimators for regression for a range of values of breakdown point or nominal efficiency, leading to adaptive values for these parameters. Examples in the report are for S estimation and (not yet included in FSDA) for Least Median of Squares (LMS) and Least Trimmed Squares (LTS) regression. Specific to our SAS implementation, we describe the approximations used to provide fast analyses of large datasets using a FS with batches. We also present examples of robust transformations of the response in regression. Further, our package provides the SAS community with methods of monitoring robust estimators for multivariate data, including multivariate data transformations.

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19.

Next generation mapping of human settlements from Copernicus Sentinel-2 data [er] : leveraging cloud computing, machine learning and Earth observation data. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Since the advent of the openly accessible Sentinel satellite data as part of the Copernicus programme of the European Commission and ESA, massive amounts of satellite data have brought disruptive changes in Earth observation data management and analysis. In the context of the Global Human Settlement Layer activities, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission offers new opportunities for mapping human settlements over large areas and for the update and improvement of the Global Human Settlement Layer datasets and information layers. Concurrently, state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms and cloud computing infrastructures have become available with a great potential to revolutionize the image processing of satellite remote sensing. Within this context, this study explores the feasibility of refactoring the existing GHSL workflows and applications into the cloud computing paradigm by leveraging the functionalities offered by the Distributed Web Platform WASDI combined with advanced machine learning methods for image processing and classification. In this report, we summarize the lessons learnt using WASDI for mapping of built-up areas from Sentinel data. We present the advantages of both convenient and powerful workflow management and cloud scalability and the experiences gained and challenges using the WASDI platform. The experiments showed that porting of the GHSL workflows to DIAS can be facilitated by the WASDI interface. When testing two different cloud providers, large differences in the time for accessing the Sentinel-2 data and downloading it were observed and had the largest impact on the performances of the workflows.

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20.

Architectures and standards for spatial data infrastructures and digital government [er] : European Union location framework. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This document provides an overview of the architecture(s) and standards for Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) and Digital Government. The document describes the different viewpoints according to the Reference Model for Open and Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) which is often used in both the SDI and e-Government worlds: the enterprise viewpoint, the engineering viewpoint, the information viewpoint, the computational viewpoint and the technological viewpoint. The document not only describes these viewpoints with regard to SDI and e-Government implementations, but also how the architecture(s) and standards of SDI and e-Government relate. It indicates which standards and tools can be used and provides examples of implementations in different areas, such as process modelling, metadata, data and services. In addition, the annex provides an overview of the most commonly used standards and technologies for SDI and e-Government.

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