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  • 1.
    book.ebook
    BiodiverCities [er] : a roadmap to enhance the biodiversity and green infrastructure of European cities by 2030 : progress report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    BiodiverCities, a European Parliament pilot, aims to improve civil society participation in planning decision-making with respect to urban biodiversity, the nature in and around cities. The project has two main strands of work. Firstly, BiodiverCities collects practical examples of how to engage citizens in vision building around urban nature, monitoring, and solutions to improve urban biodiversity. Thirteen cities participate to BiodiverCities with local projects on citizen engagement or with case studies on mapping urban biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local activities include enhancing public participation in greening projects, vision building, or citizen science and participatory mapping of urban nature. A second strand of work is the mapping of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services at European scale. Urban biodiversity has been mapped using iNaturalist, a global species observation platform based on citizen science. More than 25,000 species have been observed inside Europe’s functional urban areas, of which 130 species, mostly insects, plants and birds, are found in almost every city. Modelling urban temperatures showed that green infrastructure cool European cities by 1.6°C on average, and up to 4°C. Mapping the recreation opportunities in urban green spaces revealed that 44% of citizens did not have enough nature-based daily recreation opportunities. BiodiverCities contributed also to indicator development for the Green City Accord, a movement of European mayors committed to making cities greener and healthier
     
  • 2.
    book.ebook
    Regional indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals [er] : an analysis based on the cases of the Basque Country, Navarre and Flanders. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations 2015) (hereafter 2030 Agenda) and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are built as a global framework but call for action by all levels of government: from national to sub-national governments and local administrations. The 2030 Agenda is considered as part of a global effort to achieve sustainability (via goals and targets) in all countries. However, the 2030 Agenda also encourages each territory to develop its own path towards sustainable development based on its own context, potential and resources. Indeed, the territorial dimension and adaptation to the local scale are ground-breaking characteristics of the 2030 Agenda. Since the initial phases of definition of the 2030 Agenda, both the United Nations and the European institutions have emphasized that the Agenda needs to be implemented and monitored at the territorial levels closer to citizens (inter alia United Nations Development Programme and UN-Habitat 2015; European Commission 2016). At the global level, the 17 SDGs and 169 targets are monitored and reviewed using a set of global indicators (Global Indicator Framework for the SDGs). The Global Indicator Framework has been developed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) and agreed upon at the 48th session of the United Nations Statistical Commission held in March 2017. The follow-up and review process are informed by an annual SDG Progress Report prepared by the UN Secretary-General (United Nations 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020). The 2030 Agenda implementation mechanism provides tools to monitor the progress of countries towards the SDGs and several specific activities supporting countries in reporting their progress. Already after one year from the approval of the Agenda, a few local authorities around the world started to also measure their progress towards the SDGs. Most of these frontrunners adapted the type of document designed for member states (Voluntary National Reviews - VNRs) and published the first-generation Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs). The VLRs have proved to be fundamental instruments to monitor progress and sustain the transformative and inclusive action of local actors towards the achievement of the SDGs and competitive sustainability. To support these first experiences, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and other European institutions have developed a wide range of initiatives for the “localization of SDGs” that aim at bringing the 2030 Agenda to the local level. Among those, in February 2020, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission published the European Handbook for SDG Voluntary Local Reviews (hereafter European Handbook) (Siragusa et al. 2020) to provide local authorities with a practical guide to select SDG indicators and measure their progress. This report aims at contributing to the potential adaptation of the Joint Research Centre’s URBAN2030 Project and its Handbook to a sub-national-regional scale. While most of the efforts of international organisations have focused mostly on supporting cities (inter alia Siragusa et al. 2020; Ciambra 2021; UCLG Community of Practice on VLRs and UN-Habitat 2020; Fox and Macleod 2019; ESCAP 2020), few knowledge and technical support have been provided to European regions willing to measure their progress towards the SDGs (inter alia OECD 2020; Hidalgo Simón 2021; Widuto 2020). This report aims at filling this technical gap, starting from what has been used until now and checking its coherence with the implementation of SDGs in a regional context The final objective is to create a knowledge base that can be used as a reference for regional governments to help them develop their SDG Voluntary Subnational Reviews, and to also recommend the use of harmonized indicators. Starting from case studies, the report provides examples and recommendations for the measurement of SDGs with a proper set of indicators for European regions.
     
  • 3.
    book.ebook
    ELISE Workshop at DigitALL conference [er] : enabling the interoperability of digital government from a location perspective. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This document is a report of a workshop held by the European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government (ELISE) action of the Interoperability solutions for public administrations, businesses and citizens (ISA²) programme, at the DigitALL Public conference, the online closing event of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) Digital and the ISA² programmes. Together with the Member States, these programmes have helped build cross-border public services for citizens, provided free interoperable solutions to companies and connected various organisations in different sectors. The conference celebrated achievements in the two programmes while looking ahead towards Europe's digital future and the beginning of the new Digital Europe Programme (DEP). During the workshop, speakers and panellists from the European Commission and public administrations in the Member States, industry and international organisations showcased through user stories examples of good practices developed through ELISE support. After an introduction on ELISE by Francesco Pignatelli, ELISE Action Leader at the EU Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), in the first session of the workshop, Ray Boguslawski - external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Miguel Alvarez Rodriguez - Programme Manager at the European Commission DG Informatics (DG DIGIT), Andrea Halmos - Policy Officer at the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), and Tomaž Petek - Director General at the Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia, provided their perspectives on the value and role of a Location Interoperability Framework (the EULF Blueprint) and its relationship with the European Interoperability Framework (EIF). In the second session, Lorena Hernández Quirós from the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Joeri Robbrecht - Policy Analyst at the European Commission DG Environment (DG ENV), Ine De Visser - Standards Advisor at Geonovum, and Gobe Hobona - Director of Product Management, Standards at the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), provided their perspectives on the reuse of tools for interoperable location data and reporting. They highlighted, in particular, the role of the two ELISE flagship solutions, Re3gistry and INSPIRE Reference Validator. In the third session, Giacomo Martirano – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Gabriele Ciasullo - "Database and Open Data" Service Responsible at the Italian Agency for Digital Identity (AgID), Italy, Gema Hernández Moral - Project manager and researcher at CARTIF, Spain, and Volker Coors - Scientific Director at Institute of Applied Research, Germany, provided their perspectives on the reuse of location data interoperability principles and methodologies in different sectors. The latter was demonstrated through various pilots and applications carried out under the ELISE action. In the fourth session, Simon Vrečar – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Morten Borrabaek - Mapping Authority, Norway, Eva Pauknerová – CUZK, Czechia, and Ricardo Vitorino – Ubiwhere, Portugal, provided different perspectives on user-driven approaches regarding location interoperability. The highlights were on how knowledge transfer can help achieve interoperability benefits. Finally, the workshop concluded with a panel session where attendees gave their views on the future importance of location interoperability and how initiatives can provide the necessary support.
     
  • 4.
    book.ebook
    EU ecosystem assessment [er] : summary for policymakers. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit. The EU ecosystem assessment analysed the following ecosystems: urban ecosystems, agroecosystems (cropland and grassland), forests, wetlands, heathlands and shrubs, sparsely vegetated lands (beaches, dunes, rocky areas in mountains), rivers and lakes, and marine ecosystems. The boundaries between ecosystem types are often more difficult to draw than this simple classification suggests. For instance, peatlands are considered wetlands but often used and classified as forests or agroecosystems. The EU ecosystem assessment used the Corine Land Cover information system to classify (based on EUNIS habitat classification) and map ecosystems but for wetlands, floodplains and urban areas also dedicated boundaries were drawn. The different ecosystems cover the full EU territory [...]. Ecosystem services are the contributions of ecosystems to economic, social, cultural and other benefits that people derive from ecosystems. For instance, pollination, the provision of food, timber and clean air, water filtration, carbon sequestration and storage or nature-based recreation are all ecosystem services. The above definitions are set in the EU Directives mentioned above (for ecosystem status) as well as in Regulation (EU) 2020/8522 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment.
     
  • 5.
    book
    EU ecosystem assessment : summary for policymakers. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit. The EU ecosystem assessment analysed the following ecosystems: urban ecosystems, agroecosystems (cropland and grassland), forests, wetlands, heathlands and shrubs, sparsely vegetated lands (beaches, dunes, rocky areas in mountains), rivers and lakes, and marine ecosystems. The boundaries between ecosystem types are often more difficult to draw than this simple classification suggests. For instance, peatlands are considered wetlands but often used and classified as forests or agroecosystems. The EU ecosystem assessment used the Corine Land Cover information system to classify (based on EUNIS habitat classification) and map ecosystems but for wetlands, floodplains and urban areas also dedicated boundaries were drawn. The different ecosystems cover the full EU territory [...]. Ecosystem services are the contributions of ecosystems to economic, social, cultural and other benefits that people derive from ecosystems. For instance, pollination, the provision of food, timber and clean air, water filtration, carbon sequestration and storage or nature-based recreation are all ecosystem services. The above definitions are set in the EU Directives mentioned above (for ecosystem status) as well as in Regulation (EU) 2020/8522 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment.
     
  • 6.
    book.ebook
    SDG localisation and multi-level governance [er] : lessons from the Basque country. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs) have been blossoming in the last years as a useful tool for sub-national entities (mainly cities, but not only) for implementing the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These actions are the manifestation of the very dynamic global movement promoting SDG localisation, departing from the acknowledgement that local administrations play a vital role in the implementation of the Global Agenda. Despite the fact that the 2030 Agenda has been designed by the United Nations and managed principally at country level, it will only deploy fully its potential if implemented also bottom-up, involving a wide range of stakeholders and levels of administration, and engaging with grassroots actions. VLRs are not only a tool for better policymaking, but also a great opportunity to foster city-regional diplomacy and cooperation. The enthusiasm with which VLRs have been embraced by several platforms involving sub-national entities reflects the fact that SDG localisation and VLRs are seen as a way to fulfil the traditional aspiration for sub-national entities to have a seat at the global table. The case of the Basque Region, which was among the first sub-national organisations in the world to adopt a consistent SDG localisation strategy, reflects well this dual use of VLR (tool for better policy making and instrument for external action). It is a very clear example of multi-level, multi-stakeholder effort to use SDGs and their architecture to enhance cross-sector alliances within the administration and among multiple stakeholders in the quadruple helix and use the Global Agenda to re-position the Region in the international sphere. This report describes the various actions and initiatives developed in the Basque Region for the local implementation of the 2030 Agenda, which constitutes a pioneering exercise on the establishment of what this report defines as an ‘SDG ecosystem’. From this experience, the report draws recommendations useful for other regional authorities.
     
  • 7.
    book.ebook
    Technology transfer and commercialisation for the European Green Deal [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The rapid deployment of green technologies will be vital to put the EU on a path to meeting the European Green Deal objectives. Many green technologies with a great potential to contribute to the EU’s green transition are currently being developed in research laboratories across the EU. How can we ensure that these novel technologies find the right conditions to mature and become widespread in the EU? What are the main barriers in the transfer of green technologies from the research organisations to the market? And what could facilitate the rapid commercialisation of green technologies? This report on technology transfer and commercialisation for the European Green Deal sets out to answer these questions. A particular focus was placed on barriers and facilitators for green technologies in the areas of EU policy, intellectual property and financing. Four case studies were carried out in the fields of hydrogen, batteries, carbon capture and storage and artificial intelligence. The analysis resulted in policy recommendations on how to facilitate the technology transfer and commercialisation of green technologies. Giving green technologies the best chances to reach market maturity and have an impact in transforming our societies will take us a step closer towards achieving sustainability goals.
     
  • 8.
    book.ebook
    BioSAMs 2015 [er] : estimation and basic considerations. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    In accordance with the European Commission definition (European Commission, 2018), the Bioeconomy encompasses not only on primary sectors that employ and produce biological resources, but also those activities that depend on biological resources to generate value added products (i.e., food, feed, materials and energy). With its ubiquitous presence across the economy, a closed circular accounting database covering the interlinking transaction flows between firms, households and foreign trade, offers unique analytical insights into the total and decomposed impact of the bioeconomy on economic growth and employment. To meet this challenge, for each of the EU member states and for the EU aggregate, a set of highly disaggregated bio-based sector account splits within the framework of a Social Accounting Matrix (dubbed “BioSAMs”) were constructed for the year 2010 (Mainar et al., 2018a). To maintain the temporal relevance of this approach, this report carries out the same endeavour for the more recent year of 2015 that maintains the same disaggregation detail of agricultural and non-agricultural bio-based sectors. In addition, to ensure improved continuity of the database for future updates, the report also focuses on the use of a more systematic method of estimation based on the reconciliation of four main databases. Namely, (i) the CoCo database from the CAPRI model, (through the use of re-estimated AgroSAMs -Mueller et al., 2009), (ii) National Accounts and (iii) Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA) from Eurostat and finally, (iv) the MAGNET model database
     
  • 9.
    book.ebook
    Applying the degree of urbanisation method to national population and housing census with GHSL tools [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The Degree of Urbanisation is a method to delineate urban and rural areas for international statistical comparison. It relies on geospatial data that are generally available in National Statistical Offices and can be implemented with open and free data and tools. This report explains the application of the Degree of Urbanisation method to the 2018 edition of the National Census of Colombia, using tools produced in the framework of the Global Human Settlement Layer project of the European Commission Directorate General Joint Research Centre. The Degree of Urbanisation is applied in a two-stage process to a population grid (obtained by combining the 2018 Colombian census data with a built-up surface layer extracted from Copernicus Sentinel-2 imagery): first grid cells are classified based on population size and density criteria, then small local administrative units are classified into cities, towns and semi-dense areas, and rural areas. The completeness and open data policy of the 2018 census of Colombia allows to classify small territorial units, and to disaggregate six demographic and housing variables by Degree of Urbanisation. These include sex ratio and access to infrastructure, like connectivity to internet and access to electricity among others. This technical report contains practical guidance for the application of the Degree of Urbanisation method to national demographic and housing census/surveys and complements the EUROSTAT manual on how to apply the Degree of Urbanisation, produced at the request of the 51st Session of the United Nations Statistical Commission.
     
  • 10.
    book.ebook
    Chemical and material driven biorefineries in the EU and beyond [er] : database and dashboard visualisation. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This document aims to present an updated overview of the distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU, with a narrower scope compared to the previous work of the JRC (Parisi 2018 and Parisi 2020). The focus of the current study is those chemical and material driven biorefineries (incl. also uses of biogenic effluent gases, such as CO2 and CO) that include the production of innovative high value bio-based products or high-volume ones (i.e., building blocks). Chemical and material driven biorefineries are defined as producing bio-based chemicals and materials as their main products. This means they produce primarily bio-based chemicals and/or materials with bioenergy as a side-product. This also means that bioenergy (power, heat/cold, biofuels) focused facilities that produce chemical co-products are not included. Only commercial, first-of-a-kind and demonstration plants were included (TRL 8 and above). Pilot plants were excluded from the database. In terms of geographical coverage, the database contains biorefineries in the EU and in ten selected non-EU countries.
     
  • 11.
    book
    Understanding the spillovers and transboundary impacts of public policies : implementing the 2030 agenda for more resilient societies. Publications Office of the European Union.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Paris : OECD Publishing, 2021.
    Summary
    The multidimensional and intergenerational nature of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for integrated policies. Progress made in a particular social, economic or environmental area or individual goal may generate synergies and trade‑offs across dimensions (spillover effects), and steps taken in one country could have positive or negative impacts beyond national borders (transboundary effects). Assessing the multidimensional and cross‑border effects of policies has become even more urgent in the context of COVID‑19 containment measures. However, there are gaps in governance and analytical tools for identifying and managing spillover and transboundary effects, posing challenges for governments in designing and implementing sustainability strategies. This book, a collaborative effort by the OECD and the European Commission‑Joint Research Centre (EC‑JRC) presents a set of new governance and analytical tools, lessons learned from country experiences, and good emerging practices for managing spillover and transboundary effects in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
     
  • 12.
    book.ebook
    Understanding the spillovers and transboundary impacts of public policies [er] : implementing the 2030 agenda for more resilient societies. Publications Office of the European Union.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Paris : OECD Publishing, 2021.
    Summary
    The multidimensional and intergenerational nature of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for integrated policies. Progress made in a particular social, economic or environmental area or individual goal may generate synergies and trade‑offs across dimensions (spillover effects), and steps taken in one country could have positive or negative impacts beyond national borders (transboundary effects). Assessing the multidimensional and cross‑border effects of policies has become even more urgent in the context of COVID‑19 containment measures. However, there are gaps in governance and analytical tools for identifying and managing spillover and transboundary effects, posing challenges for governments in designing and implementing sustainability strategies. This book, a collaborative effort by the OECD and the European Commission‑Joint Research Centre (EC‑JRC) presents a set of new governance and analytical tools, lessons learned from country experiences, and good emerging practices for managing spillover and transboundary effects in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
     
  • 13.
    book
    Overview of the existing STI for SDGs roadmapping methodologies : background paper. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This background paper serves as an Annex to the United Nation’s Guidebook for the Preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs Roadmaps. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the existing methodologies and approaches that can be used to develop the Roadmaps. While the first framework for STI for SDGs Roadmaps has been proposed in the UN Guidebook, multiple United Nations (UN) Agencies and other organisations have developed approaches over the years that can successfully support different steps in the new methodology, depending on the capacity and specific needs of interested countries, subnational territories or international partnerships.
     
  • 14.
    book.ebook
    Overview of the existing STI for SDGs roadmapping methodologies [er] : background paper. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This background paper serves as an Annex to the United Nation’s Guidebook for the Preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs Roadmaps. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the existing methodologies and approaches that can be used to develop the Roadmaps. While the first framework for STI for SDGs Roadmaps has been proposed in the UN Guidebook, multiple United Nations (UN) Agencies and other organisations have developed approaches over the years that can successfully support different steps in the new methodology, depending on the capacity and specific needs of interested countries, subnational territories or international partnerships.
     
  • 15.
    book.ebook
    Guidebook for the preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This Guidebook is intended for interested national and local governments, agencies and institutions that wish to use roadmaps as a policy tool to harness STI as a means to achieve the SDGs. It may also be of interest to stakeholders taking part in the dialogue – an essential stage in design, implementation, monitoring and adjustment of the STI for SDGs Roadmaps – and to a wider public audience wishing to advance global and national SDG agendas. The Guidebook first focuses on the design stage of the roadmaps, demonstrating that the design underpins effective implementation and monitoring.
     
  • 16.
    book
    Guidebook for the preparation of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This Guidebook is intended for interested national and local governments, agencies and institutions that wish to use roadmaps as a policy tool to harness STI as a means to achieve the SDGs. It may also be of interest to stakeholders taking part in the dialogue – an essential stage in design, implementation, monitoring and adjustment of the STI for SDGs Roadmaps – and to a wider public audience wishing to advance global and national SDG agendas. The Guidebook first focuses on the design stage of the roadmaps, demonstrating that the design underpins effective implementation and monitoring.
     
  • 17.
    book.ebook
    Future transitions for the bioeconomy towards sustainable development and a climate-neutral economy [er] : modelling needs to integrate all three aspects of sustainability. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    The updated EU Bioeconomy Strategy aims to develop a sustainable and circular bioeconomy for Europe, strengthening the connection between economy, society, and the environment, thereby addressing global challenges such as meeting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement. To guide policy making in the transition, knowledge and forward-looking capacities are needed. These capacities include quantitative modelling tools, which can support a better understanding of the complexity, trade-offs, and potential pathways to achieve the transition. This report (i) analyses the existing capacity and needs for an improved bioeconomy modelling to integrate all three dimensions of sustainability and (ii) provides recommendations for developing new and improved models that are better suited to assist policy making.
     
  • 18.
    book.ebook
    Mapping and assessment of primary and old-growth forests in Europe [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report presents an assessment of the knowledge and documented spatial data on primary and old-growth forests in the EU, as well as in some neighbouring countries. The EU’s biodiversity strategy to 2030 recognises the value of primary and old-growth forests, and calls for their strict protection. This report provides a knowledge base contributing to the process of developing guidelines for the definition, mapping, monitoring and strictly protecting all the EU’s remaining primary and old-growth forests. This process is coordinated by the Working Group on Forest and Nature (sub-group of the Coordination Group on Biodiversity and Nature), which brings together representatives of the forestry and nature conservation national authorities and relevant stakeholders.
     
  • 19.
    book
    Mapping and assessment of primary and old-growth forests in Europe. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report presents an assessment of the knowledge and documented spatial data on primary and old-growth forests in the EU, as well as in some neighbouring countries. The EU’s biodiversity strategy to 2030 recognises the value of primary and old-growth forests, and calls for their strict protection. This report provides a knowledge base contributing to the process of developing guidelines for the definition, mapping, monitoring and strictly protecting all the EU’s remaining primary and old-growth forests. This process is coordinated by the Working Group on Forest and Nature (sub-group of the Coordination Group on Biodiversity and Nature), which brings together representatives of the forestry and nature conservation national authorities and relevant stakeholders.
     
  • 20.
    book
    Farmers of the future. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021, c2020.
    Summary
    Agriculture is one of the important sectors in the transformation of the European economy and society towards a long-term sustainable future. European farmers will face several challenges in the future, as they continue to supply food and non-food products and at the same time, contribute to this transition. The challenges are wide ranging and include: climate change, resource scarcity, infrastructural issues and changes in food demand/diet habits. The study ‘Farmers of the Future’ has explored who the farmers - that will be dealing with those challenges in the medium- to long-term future - will be. This report presents the results of that exploration. It describes the 2040 landscape of farmers and presents policy implications.