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1.

Diaspora finance for development [er] : from remittances to investment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report examines different forms of diaspora finance around the world. Diaspora finance involves remittances, understood as inter-personal financial transfers between migrants and their countries of origin, and diaspora investment, defined as asset-producing financial instruments through which diasporas (migrants and their descendants) can invest in organisations in their country of origin. There is an extensive body of research and data on remittances sent by migrants, the annual flows of which are now larger in aggregate than either official development assistance (ODA) or foreign direct investment (FDI). But much less is known about diaspora investment, or about how remittances and diaspora investment can be effectively channelled to support development. We identify over 300 diaspora finance initiatives through a systematic review of over 500 research, policy and grey literature documents. The study highlights the broad diversity of diaspora finance mechanisms around the world, while also drawing attention to the lack of systematic international data on diaspora investment flows and to the severe shortage of quality evidence on the development outcomes of different diaspora finance initiatives.

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2.

Weak signals in science and technologies [er] : weak signals in 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication	Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
Summary	This report presents a list of 75 individual weak signals in science and technology development in 2020. In addition, 4 clusters of weak signals have also been detected and are reported. These early signs of emerging technologies or products were detected using text mining, clustering techniques and scientometrics indicators applied on a corpus of peer-reviewed scientific publications.

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3.

Weak signals in science and technologies : weak signals in 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication	Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
Summary	This report presents a list of 75 individual weak signals in science and technology development in 2020. In addition, 4 clusters of weak signals have also been detected and are reported. These early signs of emerging technologies or products were detected using text mining, clustering techniques and scientometrics indicators applied on a corpus of peer-reviewed scientific publications.

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4.

Proceedings of the 2021 conference on Big Data from Space [er] : 18-20 May 2021. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The BiDS conference series is co-organised by the European Space Agency (ESA), the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, and the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen). BiDS’21 emphasises not only on the insights that can be retrieved from Big Data from Space but also on the exploitation of these insights for foresight to improve our capacity to detect trends and model future evolution. This capacity is becoming increasingly important given the pace at which our World is changing. This is exemplified and reflected by the EU Destination Earth (DestinE) initiative and the related digital twin of the Earth. The objective of DestinE is to develop a very high precision digital model of the Earth to monitor and simulate natural and human activity, and to develop and test scenarios that would enable more sustainable development and support European environmental policies. The provision of more reliable scenarios of future evolution under different boundary conditions requires us to improve our understanding of Earth’s dynamic systems besides their monitoring. Similarly to past editions of this conference, the 2021 edition provides a snapshot of the different research and innovation developments in the field of Big Data from Space including technical aspects and applications. These proceedings contain the papers presented at the on-line BiDS’21 conference held on May 18-20 as an on-line conference.

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5.

EU Regulation 1143/2014 [er] : assessment of invasive alien species of Union concern distribution : Member States reports versus JRC baselines. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide, a condition that severely affects Europe. The EU Regulation 1143/2014/EC (IAS Regulation), entered into force on 1 January 2015, establishes requirements for a coordinated set of actions to prevent, control and mitigate the impact of IAS. The IAS Regulation gives priority to a subset of IAS at European level, named as IAS of Union concern. By 1 June 2019, and every six years thereafter, MS shall report to the EC information about the implementation of the IAS Regulation. This report provides an analysis of the information reported by MS on the distribution of IAS of listed as of Union concern by 2017, recorded in their territory by December 2018. This information is correlated with the information available in the JRC baselines and complemented with MS notifications submitted via NOTSYS. The JRC baselines covered a period mostly overlapping the MS reporting period (2015-2018). For this reason, the spatial information in MS reports largely matched the JRC baselines. This also applies to species distribution records not validated by MS in the JRC baselines, proving that the JRC baselines provide good datasets, and are fit-for-purpose, for analyzing changes in species’ distributions in relation to the implementation of the IAS Regulation. However, the observed differences could not be attributed to distributional trends of the species’ populations, expanding or shrinking within EU countries. There were four main types of mismatch between the JRC baselines (MS validated records) and MS reports. Observed inconsistencies highlights the need of coherence in reporting updates on species’ distributions and notification of new observations through NOTSYS. They may also reflect delays in data validation and synchronization among relevant data repositories, different interpretations among MS of what constitutes a detection of a regulated species requiring official notification, and on how to deal with casual records of species. The report provides recommendations aiming at addressing observed inconsistencies.

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6.

The EU aquaculture sector [er] : economic report 2020 (STECF-20-12). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Commission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. This report on the Economic Performance of the EU Aquaculture sector 2021 is the seventh report of its kind produced for the sector and provides a comprehensive overview of the latest information available on the production, economic value, structure and competitive performance of the aquaculture sector at the national and EU level. This report includes data for 2008 to 2018 and nowcasting for 2019. The data collected is reported by national totals and by segments divided on species. The sector has increased production over the period of data collected, and the turnover and economic performance indicators have increased over time. The EU aquaculture sector reached 1.2 million tonnes in sales volume and €4.1 billion in turnover, in 2018. The overall number of enterprise were estimated to 15 thousand, whereas the total number of employees reached 69 thousand in 2018. The report furthermore contains three special chapters on the Covid-19 situation and its impact on the EU aquaculture sector, a chapter on the developed methodology for the nowcast, and finally a chapter analysing the social variables collected under EUMAP for the first time for the aquaculture sector.

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7.

Roaming performance study (Smart 2018/0011) [er] : executive summary : an assessment of technical performance of mobile networks for roaming in the EU. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

In the context of the review of the EU Roaming Regulation, this document presents results of a study on roaming performance assessment by field measurements on mobile broadband involving 40 mobile networks in 13 EU countries. JRC’s mobile app netBravo was used to carry out the measurements and analysis of data. Download speed, upload speed and latency were measured for all roaming tests and results were analysed. The study found mixed results on the quality of service (QoS) in roaming. Customers had better as well as worse QoS than at home. However, customers of 21 mobile networks from 11 countries at least once had worse QoS in roaming compared to at home even when technical conditions were available for better quality. Such cases accounted for 25% of all roaming instances in the tests.

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8.

Roaming performance study (Smart 2018/0011) [er] : final report : an assessment of technical performance of mobile networks for roaming in the EU. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

In the context of the review of the EU Roaming Regulation, this document presents results of a study on roaming performance assessment by field measurements on mobile broadband involving 40 mobile networks in 13 EU countries. JRC’s mobile app netBravo was used to carry out the measurements and analysis of data. Download speed, upload speed and latency were measured for all roaming tests and results were analysed. The study found mixed results on the quality of service (QoS) in roaming. Customers had better as well as worse QoS than at home. However, customers of 21 mobile networks from 11 countries at least once had worse QoS in roaming compared to at home even when technical conditions were available for better quality. Such cases accounted for 25% of all roaming instances in the tests.

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9.

Movilidad en Andalucía durante la pandemia de Covid-19 (enero 2021) [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Este informe analiza la evolución de la movilidad en Andalucía durante la pandemia de covid-19 utilizando datos de operadores de redes de telefonía móvil y una variedad de datos abiertos y fuentes emergentes. Los datos sugieren que la movilidad en Andalucía se redujo significativamente durante la primera oleada (marzo-junio 2020) y la segunda oleada (noviembre-diciembre 2020) de la pandemia, en línea con las medidas adoptadas a nivel nacional (España) y regional (Andalucía). No obstante, la relajación de las medidas durante el período de vacaciones de Navidad / Año Nuevo provocó un repunte en los niveles de movilidad. El análisis a diferentes niveles espaciales y temporales revelan patrones en la evolución de la movilidad en función del tamaño, grado de urbanización y estructura económica de cada municipio.

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10.

Distribution system operators observatory 2020 [er] : an in-depth look on distribution grids in Europe. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The decarbonisation of our economies and the consequent process towards a more sustainable society are at the core of the set environmental policies. Distribution System Operators (DSOs) as responsible of delivering electricity from High Voltage level to final customers are among the top players in the paved transition. As part of the Clean Energy for All Europeans legislative package, the DSOs have an important role in the European energy market as neutral market facilitators, but also as innovators driving the transition of the energy system towards a more sustainable future. At the same time big differences exist between DSOs operating in different Member States. This report helps shedding some light on them through an extensive data collection. It shows technical data on grid infrastructure, but also analyses the potential of the interviewed DSOs to innovate and to operate their grid more efficiently. Additionally some regulatory aspects and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are discussed. Finally, some policy recommendations are given on the basis of the analysis carried out: a key point is to define a common methodology to gather data on distribution systems across Europe, both on technical and regulatory aspects.

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11.

Distribution system operators observatory 2020 : an in-depth look on distribution grids in Europe. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The decarbonisation of our economies and the consequent process towards a more sustainable society are at the core of the set environmental policies. Distribution System Operators (DSOs) as responsible of delivering electricity from High Voltage level to final customers are among the top players in the paved transition. As part of the Clean Energy for All Europeans legislative package, the DSOs have an important role in the European energy market as neutral market facilitators, but also as innovators driving the transition of the energy system towards a more sustainable future. At the same time big differences exist between DSOs operating in different Member States. This report helps shedding some light on them through an extensive data collection. It shows technical data on grid infrastructure, but also analyses the potential of the interviewed DSOs to innovate and to operate their grid more efficiently. Additionally some regulatory aspects and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are discussed. Finally, some policy recommendations are given on the basis of the analysis carried out: a key point is to define a common methodology to gather data on distribution systems across Europe, both on technical and regulatory aspects.

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12.

La capacidad digital de los centros educativos de España. Muestra representativa a través de SELFIE. Educación Primaria (CINE-2011 1). European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

SELFIE es una herramienta de autorreflexión colectiva sobre la capacidad digital de los centros educativos basada en una serie de cuestionarios a equipos directivos, profesorado y alumnado. En este informe se presentan los resultados del uso de esta herramienta para recoger datos de una muestra representativa de centros educativos españoles de educación primaria (CINE-2011 1). Por tanto, se proporciona información precisa y fiable sobre las visiones que los tres colectivos mencionados anteriormente tienen sobre las diferentes áreas que conforman la capacidad digital de los centros educativos. Los resultados muestran que, en los centros de primaria, las áreas en las que se percibe un uso mayor de las tecnologías digitales son “Pedagogía: Apoyos y recursos”, referida a la preparación de las clases, e “Infraestructura y equipamiento”. Por otro lado, en las que se percibe un menor uso son “Prácticas de evaluación” y “Colaboración y redes”, referida a la promoción de la colaboración y comunicación para compartir experiencias y coordinarse dentro y fuera de los límites del centro educativo. Más allá de los ítems identificados en las áreas con peores puntuaciones medias, existen algunos ítems individuales con puntuaciones bajas en otras áreas mejor situadas. Este es el caso del uso de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y los ítems relacionados con el uso de la tecnología digital de forma colaborativa tanto por parte del alumnado como del profesorado (o entre asignaturas). El informe también pone de manifiesto las similitudes y diferencias entre las percepciones de miembros de los equipos directivos, profesorado y alumnado. Así por ejemplo los ítems relacionados con el uso de las tecnologías digitales en el aula para llevar a cabo procesos de enseñanza más innovadores y eficientes son más valorados por el profesorado. Finalmente, los resultados se presentan tanto para la totalidad de centros educativos de primaria como desagregando entre centros de titularidad pública y privada (incluyendo centros privados y concertados). Los resultados presentados son de utilidad para los centros educativos que participen (o hayan participado) en SELFIE ya que pueden ser usados para contextualizar los propios resultados con los valores medios de referencia de centros similares en España. Asimismo, el informe puede presentar evidencias valiosas para los responsables de la administración educativa a la hora de identificar objetivos al diseñar políticas orientadas al desarrollo de la capacidad digital de los centros educativos. Sin embargo, los datos de este informe, al estar basados en escalas de medida subjetivas, cuya interpretación puede variar entre países, no pueden ser usados directamente para hacer comparaciones internacionales de la capacidad digital de los sistemas educativos.

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13.

La capacidad digital de los centros educativos de España [er] : muestra representativa a través de la herramienta SELFIE : CINE-2011 3: 4º ESO, 1º y 2º Bachillerato. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

SELFIE es una herramienta de autorreflexión colectiva sobre la capacidad digital de los centros educativos basada en una serie de cuestionarios a equipos directivos, profesorado y alumnado. En este informe se presentan los resultados del uso de esta herramienta para recoger datos de una muestra representativa de centros educativos españoles de CINE-2011 32, correspondiente en el sistema educativo español con 4º de ESO y 1º y 2º de Bachillerato. Por tanto, se proporciona información precisa y fiable sobre las visiones que los tres colectivos mencionados anteriormente tienen sobre las diferentes áreas que conforman la capacidad digital de los centros educativos. Los resultados muestran que en 4º de ESO, 1º y 2º de Bachillerato, las áreas en las que se percibe un uso mayor de las tecnologías digitales son “Pedagogía: Apoyos y recursos”, referida a la preparación de las clases, e “Infraestructura y equipamiento”. Por otro lado, en las que se percibe un menor uso son “Prácticas de evaluación” y “Colaboración y redes”, referida a la promoción de la colaboración y comunicación para compartir experiencias y coordinarse dentro y fuera de los límites del centro educativo. Más allá de los ítems identificados en las áreas con peores puntuaciones medias, existen algunos ítems individuales con puntuaciones bajas en otras áreas mejor situadas. Este es el caso del uso de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y los ítems relacionados con el uso de la tecnología digital de forma colaborativa tanto por parte del alumnado como del profesorado (o entre asignaturas). El informe también pone de manifiesto las similitudes y diferencias entre las percepciones de miembros de los equipos directivos, profesorado y alumnado. Finalmente, los resultados se presentan tanto para la totalidad de centros educativos de CINE-2011 3 como desagregando entre centros de titularidad pública y privada (incluyendo centros privados y concertados). Los resultados presentados son de utilidad para los centros educativos que participen (o hayan participado) en SELFIE ya que pueden ser usados para contextualizar los propios resultados con los valores medios de referencia de centros similares en España. Asimismo, el informe puede presentar evidencias valiosas para los responsables de la administración educativa a la hora de identificar objetivos al diseñar políticas orientadas al desarrollo de la capacidad digital de los centros educativos. Esta información no se puede usar directamente en comparaciones internacionales, ya que se basa en escalas de medida subjetivas cuya interpretación puede ser diferente.

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14.

Provision of technical and scientific support to DG ESTAT in relation to EU land footprint estimates and gap-filling techniques for European forest accounts (LAFO) [er] : task 2 : gap-filling and estimates for the European forest accounts. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report focuses on the second task of the Administrative Arrangement ESTAT-2019-0300 signed between DG ESTAT and DG JRC. This agreement aims to develop a method to gap-fill the data reported on Table A2a, as provided by the European Forest Accounts (EFA) of EUROSTAT, and gap-fill this table for the period of 2000– 2019. This task also includes a preliminary comparison of officially reported data by EU Member States with data already reported to EFA and with the estimates derived from the Carbon Budget Model (CBM) currently used by the JRC, with the purpose to use the model output to gap-fill missing data. Table A2a reports, on an annual basis, the changes in the volume of the stock of timber between the beginning and the end of each year, taking into account, from one side, the net annual increment attributed to the opening growing stock, and from the other side, the amount of removals and irretrievable losses subtracted within the same year. The main data sources for the gap-filling task include the Forest Resource Assessment 2020 Country Reports (FRA, for growing stock and area), the State of Europe's Forests 2015 (for growing stock, increment and removals), specific statistics published by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT, for removals), National Forest Inventories (mostly for growing stock), and other documents, such as the National Forestry Accounting Plans recently submitted by the EU Member States under the regulation (EU) 2018/841. All these data were further compared with the main assumptions and model output provided by the CBM. The analysis highlighted that these data sources may considerably differ both in the definitions applied and in the accuracy of the values reported by each database. For growing stock, ancillary information provided by official statistics and scientific literature generally allow to assess and reconcile, through appropriate correction factors, the main differences between various databases. For increment, the lack of detailed information and data generally prevents a detailed assessment of possible inconsistencies. For the removals, despite the relatively large number of databases - including data directly reported by EUROSTAT - and the differences due to the specific definitions applied by each data source, we highlighted some clear discrepancies, which should be carefully assessed. The approach to gap-fill the missing data on Table A2a was based on a preliminary calibration of the growing stock estimated by the CBM model against data reported by FRA Country Reports. The amount of removals was directly inferred from the data published by EUROSTAT, when available, or otherwise from the data published by FAOSTAT. Missing information on the irretrievable losses were derived from the CBM output. The net annual increment, which was the most uncertain parameter, was indirectly derived from the previous items. The results showed a good match of these estimates both with the data reported by FRA Country Reports and with the data already provided on Table A2a – when available. This report is complemented by an Excel file, named EFA_FRA_CBM_Data_analysis and made publically available on the JRC Data Catalogue of the European Commission, including a detailed comparison of the main items reported in Table A2a and specific country’s sheets reporting the approach to gap-fill the missing data for each Member State. The detailed application of the gap-filling approach from 2000 to 2019 is reported in additional country-worksheets including further details, comments and specific methodological assumptions applied at country level.

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15.

What did we learn from schooling practices during the COVID-19 lockdown? [er] : insights from five EU countries. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The unprecedented shift to remote schooling introduced in many countries in the spring of 2020 as one of the preventive measures to stop the spread of COVID-19 gave us the opportunity not only to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of remote schooling, but also to reflect on how education is being provided in general. We interviewed in total around 150 key stakeholders coming from five Member States that represent different degrees of readiness to use digital technologies in education. We aimed to obtain different perspectives about the remote schooling experience collecting insights from various groups, namely students, parents, teachers and school leaders. The topics discussed with study participants related to their experience and perceptions on: unequal access to education, learning tools and content available and put in place through urgent measures, digital and social and emotional competences to face and develop remote schooling, the assessment and certification of students' learning progress, as well as their psychological well-being.

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16.

Atlas of migration 2020 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

2020 has been a turbulent year. As noted by President von der Leyen in her State of the Union address, a virus a thousand times smaller than a grain of sand has exposed how delicate life can be. Yet, it has also provided the impetus for Europe to come together with renewed vitality. This new vitality is evident in the area of migration. In the last years, debates on migration have often been divisive and contentious, susceptible to misinformation and manipulation. During the pandemic, both the fundamental role that migrants play as essential workers and their higher vulnerability have come to the fore. In 2020, the New Pact on Migration and Asylum proposed by the European Commission has introduced a “fresh start” and stressed the need for a human and humane approach, based on facts and solid evidence. The Atlas of Migration 2020 is a contribution to better informing this fresh start on migration. Since 2018, our Knowledge Centre on Migration and Demography has collated and presented harmonised and validated international data on migration, demography, asylum, integration and development. The 2019 edition covered all 28 Member States of the European Union and 171 countries and territories around the world. The new, 2020 edition comes with new factsheets for each continent, facilitating comparisons within and across them. The printed reference book is accompanied by an interactive online one, a ‘living tool’ which has improved accessibility and usability. The online Atlas of Migration is populated with the latest available data, gathered and processed in real-time by a data repository and presented in accessible country profiles, which can be adapted and edited to individual needs. The Atlas of Migration is a shining example of the Joint Research Centre’s capacity to build innovative tools to support the Commission’s culture of evidence-based policymaking, and I am delighted that it is so widely used in policy circles. It also provides an important reference source of verified migration data for the general public on a topic characterised by misinformation. We are working with the European Migration Network to make it available in all EU languages. Partnerships have been instrumental to build and improve the Atlas. My gratitude goes to all Commission and EEAS colleagues dealing with migration whose expertise and collaboration have shaped the Atlas of Migration since 2018, and to all of the international organisations that have contributed to the Atlas with their data. Finally, as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to reshape societies and economies around the world, the Atlas of Migration provides an essential resource to start understanding its implications for migration and mobility in the EU and worldwide. The third section of the 2020 edition focuses closely on the relationship between the pandemic and migration, providing some new insights and food for thought on what lies ahead

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17.

Atlas of migration 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

2020 has been a turbulent year. As noted by President von der Leyen in her State of the Union address, a virus a thousand times smaller than a grain of sand has exposed how delicate life can be. Yet, it has also provided the impetus for Europe to come together with renewed vitality. This new vitality is evident in the area of migration. In the last years, debates on migration have often been divisive and contentious, susceptible to misinformation and manipulation. During the pandemic, both the fundamental role that migrants play as essential workers and their higher vulnerability have come to the fore. In 2020, the New Pact on Migration and Asylum proposed by the European Commission has introduced a “fresh start” and stressed the need for a human and humane approach, based on facts and solid evidence. The Atlas of Migration 2020 is a contribution to better informing this fresh start on migration. Since 2018, our Knowledge Centre on Migration and Demography has collated and presented harmonised and validated international data on migration, demography, asylum, integration and development. The 2019 edition covered all 28 Member States of the European Union and 171 countries and territories around the world. The new, 2020 edition comes with new factsheets for each continent, facilitating comparisons within and across them. The printed reference book is accompanied by an interactive online one, a ‘living tool’ which has improved accessibility and usability. The online Atlas of Migration is populated with the latest available data, gathered and processed in real-time by a data repository and presented in accessible country profiles, which can be adapted and edited to individual needs. The Atlas of Migration is a shining example of the Joint Research Centre’s capacity to build innovative tools to support the Commission’s culture of evidence-based policymaking, and I am delighted that it is so widely used in policy circles. It also provides an important reference source of verified migration data for the general public on a topic characterised by misinformation. We are working with the European Migration Network to make it available in all EU languages. Partnerships have been instrumental to build and improve the Atlas. My gratitude goes to all Commission and EEAS colleagues dealing with migration whose expertise and collaboration have shaped the Atlas of Migration since 2018, and to all of the international organisations that have contributed to the Atlas with their data. Finally, as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to reshape societies and economies around the world, the Atlas of Migration provides an essential resource to start understanding its implications for migration and mobility in the EU and worldwide. The third section of the 2020 edition focuses closely on the relationship between the pandemic and migration, providing some new insights and food for thought on what lies ahead.

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18.

Fisheries Dependent -Information – FDI (STECF-20-10) [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Commission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. The STECF reviewed the report of the EWG on Fisheries-dependent Information during its winter 2020 virtual plenary meeting.

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19.

Weak signals in science and technologies 2019 [er] : analysis and recommendations : technologies at a very early stage of development that could impact the future. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

JRC has developed a quantitative methodology to detect very early signs of emerging technologies, so called "weak signals of technology development". Using text mining and scientometric indicators, 256 of these weak signals have been identified on the basis of scientific literature and have been reported earlier this year in a JRC technical report. The purpose of this follow-up report is to provide a European perspective and to provide recommendations for policy makers. Europe shows vulnerabilities in 179 of these weak signals, further analysed in the present report.

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20.

Analysis of drivers impacting recycling quality [er] : plant level data collection analysis on sorting and recycling of household packaging waste. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This study, based on a survey of twenty-five sorting plants for household packaging across Europe, examines the drivers and parameters that influence the quality, quantity and fate of household packaging recycling. The study examines the different drivers present for plant operators sorting and processing different material streams, the characteristics distinguishing higher quality recycling chains from lower quality recycling chains, and factors that tip the balance in favour of making quality improvements where there is only marginal financial benefit. It summarises findings in relation to the impact that policy and system design can have on the quality of recycling. The factors found to be key to determining current quality of recycling were producer demand for secondary raw materials, the extent to which materials degrade in collection and sorting, and the scale and presence of products sharing relevant characteristics within collected waste streams. Where making improvements on quality had only marginal financial benefit, it was found that producer responsibility organisations (PROs) or other relevant authorities are likely to be able to improve qualities through influencing the scale of sorting operations, specifying sorting output fractions, as well as influencing producer behaviour in incentivising recyclability of their products and uptake of post-consumer recycled content.

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