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1.

ELISE Workshop at DigitALL conference [er] : enabling the interoperability of digital government from a location perspective. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This document is a report of a workshop held by the European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government (ELISE) action of the Interoperability solutions for public administrations, businesses and citizens (ISA²) programme, at the DigitALL Public conference, the online closing event of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) Digital and the ISA² programmes. Together with the Member States, these programmes have helped build cross-border public services for citizens, provided free interoperable solutions to companies and connected various organisations in different sectors. The conference celebrated achievements in the two programmes while looking ahead towards Europe's digital future and the beginning of the new Digital Europe Programme (DEP). During the workshop, speakers and panellists from the European Commission and public administrations in the Member States, industry and international organisations showcased through user stories examples of good practices developed through ELISE support. After an introduction on ELISE by Francesco Pignatelli, ELISE Action Leader at the EU Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), in the first session of the workshop, Ray Boguslawski - external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Miguel Alvarez Rodriguez - Programme Manager at the European Commission DG Informatics (DG DIGIT), Andrea Halmos - Policy Officer at the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), and Tomaž Petek - Director General at the Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia, provided their perspectives on the value and role of a Location Interoperability Framework (the EULF Blueprint) and its relationship with the European Interoperability Framework (EIF). In the second session, Lorena Hernández Quirós from the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Joeri Robbrecht - Policy Analyst at the European Commission DG Environment (DG ENV), Ine De Visser - Standards Advisor at Geonovum, and Gobe Hobona - Director of Product Management, Standards at the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), provided their perspectives on the reuse of tools for interoperable location data and reporting. They highlighted, in particular, the role of the two ELISE flagship solutions, Re3gistry and INSPIRE Reference Validator. In the third session, Giacomo Martirano – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Gabriele Ciasullo - "Database and Open Data" Service Responsible at the Italian Agency for Digital Identity (AgID), Italy, Gema Hernández Moral - Project manager and researcher at CARTIF, Spain, and Volker Coors - Scientific Director at Institute of Applied Research, Germany, provided their perspectives on the reuse of location data interoperability principles and methodologies in different sectors. The latter was demonstrated through various pilots and applications carried out under the ELISE action. In the fourth session, Simon Vrečar – external consultant for the Joint Research Centre and three guest speakers, Morten Borrabaek - Mapping Authority, Norway, Eva Pauknerová – CUZK, Czechia, and Ricardo Vitorino – Ubiwhere, Portugal, provided different perspectives on user-driven approaches regarding location interoperability. The highlights were on how knowledge transfer can help achieve interoperability benefits. Finally, the workshop concluded with a panel session where attendees gave their views on the future importance of location interoperability and how initiatives can provide the necessary support.

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2.

Historical analysis of FCH 2 JU stationary fuel cell projects [er] : progress of key performance indicators against the state of the art. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

As a part of its knowledge management activities, the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking 2 (FCH 2 JU) has commissioned the Joint Research Centre (JRC) to perform a series of historical analyses by topic area, to assess the impact of funded projects and the progression of its current Multi-Annual Work Plan (MAWP; 2014-2020) towards its objectives. These historical analyses consider all relevant funded projects since the programme’s inception in 2008. This report considers the performance of projects against the overall FCH 2 JU programme targets for stationary Fuel Cells (FCs), using quantitative values of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for assessment. The purpose of this exercise is to see whether and how the programme has enhanced the state of the art for stationary fuel cells and to identify potential Research & Innovation (R&I) gaps for the future. Therefore, the report includes a review of the current State of the Art (SoA) of fuel cell technologies used in the stationary applications sector. The programme has defined KPIs for three different power output ranges and equivalent applications: (i) micro-scale Combined Heat and Power (mCHP) for single family homes and small buildings (0.3 - 5 kW); (ii) mid-sized installations for commercial and larger buildings (5 - 400 kW); (iii) large scale FC installations, converting hydrogen and renewable methane into power in various applications (0.4 - 30 MW). Projects addressing stationary applications in these particular power ranges were identified and values for the achieved KPIs extracted from relevant sources of information such as final reports and the TRUST database (Technology Reporting Using Structured Templates). As much of this data is confidential, a broad analysis of performance of the programme against its KPIs has been performed, without disclosing confidential information. The results of this analysis are summarised within this report. The information obtained from this study will be used to suggest future modifications to the research programme and associated targets.

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3.

iRESIST+ [er] : innovative seismic and energy retrofitting of the existing building stock : numerical simulations and impact assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The European building stock is ageing and requires significant renovation efforts to improve its energy performance and ensure structural safety and resilience. Within the European Green Deal, the Renovation Wave initiative promotes increases in building renovation rates to ensure that ambitious EU energy saving targets for 2030 and beyond can be achieved. To incentivise renovation further, integrating energy retrofitting with seismic strengthening is explored in the Exploratory Research project iRESIST+ by investigating a novel seismic-plus-energy retrofit. The research conducted in iRESIST+ is of high timeliness and has relevance for the policy areas related to the energy efficiency of buildings, circular-economy principles, as well as resilience.

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4.

iRESIST+ : innovative seismic and energy retrofitting of the existing building stock : numerical simulations and impact assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The European building stock is ageing and requires significant renovation efforts to improve its energy performance and ensure structural safety and resilience. Within the European Green Deal, the Renovation Wave initiative promotes increases in building renovation rates to ensure that ambitious EU energy saving targets for 2030 and beyond can be achieved. To incentivise renovation further, integrating energy retrofitting with seismic strengthening is explored in the Exploratory Research project iRESIST+ by investigating a novel seismic-plus-energy retrofit. The research conducted in iRESIST+ is of high timeliness and has relevance for the policy areas related to the energy efficiency of buildings, circular-economy principles, as well as resilience.

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5.

Smart grid interoperability laboratory [er] : annual report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory in Petten was inaugurated on 29 November 2018. The Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory is designed to foster a common European approach to interoperable digital energy, focussing on the smart home, community and city levels. The facility in Petten is part of a larger activity of the JRC, as the science and knowledge service of the European Commission, encompassing electric vehicles, smart grids and batteries. The activities in 2019 are highlighted in this report.

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6.

Energy performance contracting in the public sector of the EU [er] : 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

One mechanism for increasing the uptake of energy efficiency projects is Energy Performance Contracting (EnPC). A major advantage of the latter is its capacity to mobilize the private sector to provide finance, performance guarantees and sharing risks. The commitment of the public sector to renovating and improving the performance of its buildings is fundamental because the latter account for around 12% of the heated total floor space in the EU. EnPCs are also suitable and relevant for the renovation of public lighting. Increased potential could develop in the use of EnPC for renovating district heating systems, the adoption of renewables, and for the smartification of infrastructures. Moreover, this commitment is key because the public sector plays an exemplary role in the development of building renovation and energy efficiency markets and in the adoption of sustainable support mechanisms for the private sector to improve the energy performance in this sector too. The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) has been regularly reviewing the status and development of the energy service markets of the EU Member States since 2005. The present report builds on the previous knowledge developed in previous EC JRC reports, and uses the same methodology to investigate national and subnational markets in terms of their status, barriers, driving factors, best practices, and impact of EU support and policies during 2017-2019. Ultimately, it proposes a set of recommendations of relevance for EU policymaking in the context of renewed impetus to building renovation, energy performance and financial sustainability.

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7.

Vehicle-to-grid and/or vehicle-to-home round-trip efficiency [er] : a practical case study. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

The battery of an electrical vehicle (EV) can be used to support the power grid (V2G, Vehicle-to-Grid) or can act as a buffer for a home promoting self-consumption (V2H, Vehicle-to-Home). This technical report evaluates, in laboratory conditions and for different charging/discharging power levels, the round-trip efficiency of an EV and V2G/V2H charger setup. The round-trip efficiency of the setup was determined to be ca. 80% for the studied charging/discharging power levels. The tests were performed in the Smart Grid Interoperability Laboratory, located in the Joint Research Centre (JRC) site in Petten, Netherlands.

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8.

Integrating renewable and waste heat and cold sources into district heating and cooling systems [er] : case studies analysis, replicable key success factors and potential policy implications. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Based on a holistic case studies analysis of 8 efficient district heating and cooling (DHC) systems in different EU Member States (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania and Spain), the study investigates the design and operation of DHC systems mainly supplied by renewable energy sources and (excess) waste heat and cold sources, aiming at identifying the key success factors enabling the integration of those sources, and drivers and conditions for their replicability in other cities and communities. Finally, it suggests some potential policy guidelines to support the integration of local and low-carbon energy sources through DHC. Through the analysis of concrete operational examples, the study contributes to increasing awareness on the role and features of efficient DHC systems, which have proved to be powerful levers for deep decarbonisation, providing an evolutive backbone to balanced energy transitions.

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9.

Integrated techniques for the seismic strengthening and energy efficiency of existing buildings [er] : pilot project workshop, 16–19 November 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

Earthquakes threaten a large percentage of homes and public buildings across the EU. At the same time, inefficient energy consumption from these outdated buildings is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. A pilot project puts forward a holistic approach to improve simultaneously the seismic safety and energy efficiency of the European building stock. Our sustainable approach will combine renovation efforts that reduce building vulnerability to protect lives and will update the energy efficiency of ageing structures to significantly reduce CO2 emissions and tackle energy poverty, while reducing the retrofit’s environmental impact. The pilot project directly supports several European Commission priorities including the Green Deal’s call for renovating in an energy and resource efficient way. It provides technical background in support of the Renovation Wave initiative and an action plan to modernise the European building stock. The workshop has the following objectives: Create awareness among participants of the issue’s challenges and opportunities Engage stakeholders to create a network for information exchange Present the pilot project and share the knowledge produced Exchange ideas on technical/scientific and policy issues Collect feedback on needs, knowledge gaps and expectations to inform efforts in the second phase of the pilot project.

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10.

Geothermal energy : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Geothermal energy has significant untapped potential for both electrical and direct-use applications in the EU. Currently, 'traditional' hydrothermal applications are most common for electricity production, but if EGS technology is proven the technical potential increases significantly. The technologies for hydrothermal applications, direct use (including GSHP) can be considered mature. R&D in those areas is needed to further lower the costs by e.g. developments in new materials, drilling techniques, higher efficiency, optimisation of maintenance and operation. The use of unconventional geothermal (EGS) is only now moving its first steps in the demonstration phase (see e.g. the promising results of the DEEPEGS project), thus R&D support in various areas (deep drilling, reservoir creation and enhancement, seismicity prediction and control) is still highly needed. The Implementation Plan of the SET Plan Temporary Working Group describes the current level of market or technical readiness of specific research areas in geothermal. The areas with the lowest TRL relate to the enhancement of reservoirs (4); advanced drilling (5); equipment and materials to improve operational availability (4-5); integration of geothermal heat and power into the energy system (4-5). More funding has been allocated to geothermal energy during H2020 than any previous funding programme. Although the timeframe of this report (which covers until the end of 2019) precludes a full assessment of the impact of H2020 projects, as a number of projects are still at an early stage of execution, a preliminary analysis on the completed projects highlights a general achievement of the objectives. On the other hand, analysing the distribution of the funding allocated up to now, it can be pointed out that the areas relating to 'Equipment / Materials and methods and equipment to improve operational availability', 'Improvement of performance' and 'Exploration techniques' may need additional attention. In addition, non-technical barriers are still important but extend beyond the issue of public acceptance. Past and current EU-funded projects have been and are advancing the state-of-the art, mainly for exploration (drilling), new materials/tools and the enhancement of reservoirs. Projects have also helped to address non-technical issues such as (financial) risk assessment and mitigation, public acceptance, training. Patenting trends highlight that over the last decade the European Union progressively lost the role as leader that it had gained around 2007-2008, being replaced by the Far-East countries, i.e. China, Republic of Korea, and Japan, which now clearly dominate the innovation sector.

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11.

Geothermal energy [er] : technology development report 2020. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Geothermal energy has significant untapped potential for both electrical and direct-use applications in the EU. Currently, 'traditional' hydrothermal applications are most common for electricity production, but if EGS technology is proven the technical potential increases significantly. The technologies for hydrothermal applications, direct use (including GSHP) can be considered mature. R&D in those areas is needed to further lower the costs by e.g. developments in new materials, drilling techniques, higher efficiency, optimisation of maintenance and operation. The use of unconventional geothermal (EGS) is only now moving its first steps in the demonstration phase (see e.g. the promising results of the DEEPEGS project), thus R&D support in various areas (deep drilling, reservoir creation and enhancement, seismicity prediction and control) is still highly needed. The Implementation Plan of the SET Plan Temporary Working Group describes the current level of market or technical readiness of specific research areas in geothermal. The areas with the lowest TRL relate to the enhancement of reservoirs (4); advanced drilling (5); equipment and materials to improve operational availability (4-5); integration of geothermal heat and power into the energy system (4-5). More funding has been allocated to geothermal energy during H2020 than any previous funding programme. Although the timeframe of this report (which covers until the end of 2019) precludes a full assessment of the impact of H2020 projects, as a number of projects are still at an early stage of execution, a preliminary analysis on the completed projects highlights a general achievement of the objectives. On the other hand, analysing the distribution of the funding allocated up to now, it can be pointed out that the areas relating to 'Equipment / Materials and methods and equipment to improve operational availability', 'Improvement of performance' and 'Exploration techniques' may need additional attention. In addition, non-technical barriers are still important but extend beyond the issue of public acceptance. Past and current EU-funded projects have been and are advancing the state-of-the art, mainly for exploration (drilling), new materials/tools and the enhancement of reservoirs. Projects have also helped to address non-technical issues such as (financial) risk assessment and mitigation, public acceptance, training. Patenting trends highlight that over the last decade the European Union progressively lost the role as leader that it had gained around 2007-2008, being replaced by the Far-East countries, i.e. China, Republic of Korea, and Japan, which now clearly dominate the innovation sector.

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12.

Update on the status of LED-lighting world market since 2018 [er]. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report, based on the compilation of more than 160 recent documents, is an update of previous analysis published by the JRC in 2018, 2014 and 2013. It brings new insight into the progress of Solid-State Lighting Technology and Lighting Systems as well as an overview of the world market evolution by world region and by end-use sector. The last evolutions in the industrial ecosystem are also covered. Furthermore, the impacts of technology evolution, like smart lighting, on the energy, environment and natural resources are highlighted. The initial effects of the Covid-19 pandemic are also included, even if it is rather early to draw final conclusions.

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13.

Analysis of the annual reports 2020 under the Energy Efficiency Directive [er] : summary report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.

Summary

This report discusses the progress towards the 2020 Energy Efficiency targets and the implementation of the provisions of the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED), providing an overview of the main energy trends in the European Union with special focus on the period 2005-2018. It is based on the latest available EUROSTAT data and on the information provided by Member States in their Annual Reports 2020 submitted under the EED. Our analysis has shown that 2015 was a turning point for the progress towards the energy efficiency targets due to a reversal in the preceding 5-year declining consumption trend of 2010-2014. Final energy consumption increased mildly in 2015 and continued to rise in 2016, 2017 and 2018; the latest increase in 2018 point to a gap of 3.5% with respect to the EU final energy consumption target of 2020. Primary energy consumption decreased slightly in 2018 leading to a gap of 4.6% with respect to EU 2020 target. At end-use level, rising energy consumption in transport and industry were the main causes of this progress slowdown. The assessment of the 2020Annual Reports generally confirmed good progress with regards to implementation of various provisions the Energy Efficiency Directive including those stipulated in Article 7 on energy efficiency obligations. While a few Member States reported new measures which can be viewed positively in light of the need to narrow the gap towards the targets, more intensified policy efforts are needed. Beyond the various information gaps identified by this report, our analysis suggests that achieving central government requirements on energy efficiency may be challenging and accelerated efforts across all sectors are crucial in ensuring that sufficient progress is made in the coming years.

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14.

National energy and climate plans for 2021-2030 under the EU energy union [er] : assessment of the energy efficiency dimension. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

The Energy Union strategy ―built on the dimensions of energy security, internal energy market, energy efficiency, decarbonisation, research, competitiveness and innovation― aims to ensure secure, sustainable, affordable and competitive energy for all its citizens and businesses in the midst of the ongoing energy transition. The 2030 climate and energy framework sets targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the share of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. Under the Energy Union Governance Regulation, Member States were required to adopt integrated national energy and climate plans (NECPs) for the period 2021-2030, laying out their national contributions to the EU targets as well as their plans of accompanying policies and measures. This report represents the first of the series of reports assessing the energy efficiency dimension of the national energy and climate plans of EU Member States submitted under the Energy Union Governance. Building on past JRC assessments on energy efficiency in the frame of the 2020 policy, the report provides an evaluation of the national contributions towards the EU energy efficiency target in 2030 and presents an overview of all relevant policies and measures reported by the Member States in their plans. The implementation of key provisions of EU directives based on the information found in the NECPs is discussed, and recommendations on how to improve the future policy and reporting framework are provided. Whilst several positive developments have been identified in this analysis, the assessment has also highlighted the need to step up the ambition set by Member States, including the need to provide more robust evidence of the impact of proposed policies and actions against the various energy efficiency targets and requirements set in the context of EU directives.

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15.

Building energy renovation for decarbonisation and Covid-19 recovery [er] : a snapshot at regional level. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Our society and economy are changing as our lifestyles shift in a world recovering from Covid-19. While the governments are working to face this challenge, new local and regional instances stand out. A sustainable recovery throughout Europe calls for a reduction of the existing gaps between regions. Energy efficiency qualifies as one of the sectors with a greater potential for the double dividend hypothesis, thus supporting economic recovery and decarbonisation simultaneously. Although recent years have witnessed the introduction of various regulatory mechanisms and incentives for efficiency, the energy saving potential of the European building stock is still very high, especially in the residential sector. To activate it, a thirty-year planning and short-term shock measures are required to unlock the efficiency process. This report provides a snapshot of the European building stock at local level, and identifies the most critical regions, taking into account buildings age, climatic conditions, some structural barriers and key economic indicators. Based on this information, we calculated the energy saving potential of extensive renovation of residential buildings, as well as the associated investment needs and the impact on employment. These indications and datasets can guide decision-makers in the definition of fine-tuned programmes for the refurbishment of existing buildings at European and national level.

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16.

Revision of the EU Green Public Procurement (GPP) criteria for imaging equipment [er] : final technical report, final criteria. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This document is intended to provide the background information for the revision of the Green Public Procurement (GPP) criteria for Imaging Equipment. The study has been carried out by the Joint Research Centre's Directorate B (JRC Dir. B – Growth and Innovation) with technical support from a consulting consortium. The work is being developed for the European Commission's Directorate General for the Environment. EU GPP criteria aim at facilitating public authorities the purchase of products, services and works with reduced environmental impacts. The use of the criteria is voluntary. The criteria are formulated in such a way that they can be, if deemed appropriate by the individual authority, integrated into its tender documents. There are four main types of GPP Criteria: - Selection criteria (SC) assess the suitability of an economic operator to carry out a contract and may relate to: - (a) suitability to pursue the professional activity; - (b) economic and financial standing; - (c) technical and professional ability. - Technical specifications (TS), the required characteristics of a product or a service including requirements relevant to the product at any stage of the life cycle of the supply or service and conformity assessment procedures; - Award criteria (AC), qualitative criteria with a weighted scoring which are chosen to determine the most economically advantageous tender. The criteria are linked to the subject-matter of the public contract in question and may comprise, for instance: - environmental performance characteristics, including technical merit, functional and other innovative characteristics; - organisation, qualification and experience of staff assigned to performing the contract, where the quality of the staff assigned can have a significant impact on the level of performance of the contract; or - after-sales service and technical assistance, delivery conditions such as delivery date, delivery process and delivery period or period of completion. Award criteria must be considered to be linked to the subject-matter of the public contract where they relate to the works, supplies or services to be provided under that contract in any respect and at any stage of their life cycle, including factors involved in: - (a) the specific process of production, provision or trading of those works, supplies or services; or - (b) a specific process for another stage of their life cycle, even where such factors do not form part of their material substance. - Contract performance clauses (CPC), special conditions laid down that relate to the performance of a contract and how it must be carried out and monitored, provided that they are linked to the subject-matter of the contract. For each set of criteria there is a choice between two ambition levels: - Core criteria are designed to allow for easy application of GPP, focussing on the key area(s) of environmental performance of a product and aimed at keeping administrative costs for companies to a minimum.

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17.

Social innovations for the energy transition [er] : an overview of concepts and projects contributing to behavioural changes, and increased well-being. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This report reflects upon the concept of social innovation and the way it is used in the energy sector. It does so by bringing together theoretical investigations and empirical knowledge. We aim to clarify the concept of social innovation in the energy sector by reviewing the literature and reflecting over a number of social innovation projects in Europe. The analysis of the projects against various contextual factors and their goals reveals the significant potential of social innovation on accelerating the energy transition while tackling societal problems. Energy production, energy efficiency and energy literacy are the main domains to which socially innovative activities contribute the most. High competences of project leadership and management observed though projects are often small in scale and context-dependent. This indicates that successful socially innovative energy initiatives require advanced bottom-up governance structures even if that may imply limitations for scaling up. This setting may complicate top-down support as legal, financial or even cultural policy-making must be tailor-made and reinvent or adjust continuously. Nevertheless, social innovative activities are expected to further proliferate the following years and move towards a sound environmental, cultural, political, economic and social direction, as knowledge creation and diffusion of technological and governance innovations accompanied with policy support are on the rise.

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18.

Improving energy efficiency in electricity networks [er] : addressing network losses & EU regulations under Article 15 (2) (a) of the Energy Efficiency Directive. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

This report focuses on the energy efficiency of electricity distribution networks mainly from the perspective of network losses. As proposed in Article 15 of the revised Energy Efficiency Directive, the European Commission after consulting relevant stakeholders, should prepare a common methodology in order to encourage network operators to reduce losses, implement a cost-efficient and energy efficient infrastructure investment programme and properly account for the energy efficiency and flexibility of the grid. This two-part report focuses on the status of regulatory policies in the EU-28 and recommendations that can be followed by the Member States in order to improve their grid efficiency. This first part of the report focuses on the electricity grids, with the interaction between regulation and network losses being conceptually analysed with the presently available regulation schemes and a survey on some research proposal being presented. After a brief introduction on the main standing-points of the EU framework, a comparative analysis of the regulation in EU member states is outlined. The ”players’ perspective” in terms of the opinion of crucial EU stakeholders and leading experts in EU are assessed thought a set of interviews of which the outcomes are presented. Finally, some recommendations for Member States and conclusions are drawn.

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19.

Implementing the SET plan [er] : making the set plan fit for the EU green recovery : 2020 report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Through commonly agreed R&I priorities and targets for clean energy solutions, the SET Plan plays a key role in the delivery of the European Green Deal. The alignment of national R&I programmes with our common SET Plan agenda will make Europe a global leader of clean energy and energy efficiency technologies and thus contribute to EU’s growth strategy. The COVID-19 pandemic presents critical challenges, and many opportunities for the EU to boost the recovery towards a greener, more digital and more resilient Europe through the Next Generation EU initiative, and the SET Plan will deliver the necessary R&I agenda.

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20.

Implementing the SET plan : making the set plan fit for the EU green recovery : 2020 report. European Commission. Joint Research Centre.

Publication

Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.

Summary

Through commonly agreed R&I priorities and targets for clean energy solutions, the SET Plan plays a key role in the delivery of the European Green Deal. The alignment of national R&I programmes with our common SET Plan agenda will make Europe a global leader of clean energy and energy efficiency technologies and thus contribute to EU’s growth strategy. The COVID-19 pandemic presents critical challenges, and many opportunities for the EU to boost the recovery towards a greener, more digital and more resilient Europe through the Next Generation EU initiative, and the SET Plan will deliver the necessary R&I agenda.

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