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  • 1.
    book.ebook
    Wealth distribution and social mobility [er]. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report explores the distribution of household wealth in the EU Member States and analyses the role of wealth in social mobility. Using data from three datasets (the Household Finance and Consumption Survey, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and the Luxembourg Wealth Study), it focuses on wealth per household member. Wealth composition is compared across social groups and countries, and the role of housing assets in wealth distribution and negative wealth is assessed. The findings show that parental background, including parental wealth, has an impact on educational and wealth mobility. In order to promote equality of opportunities in terms of access to education and housing, the impact of wealth inequalities, including differences in parental wealth, should be counterbalanced. The report also suggests that regularising wealth declaration in the EU could be a way of promoting social justice by minimising hidden wealth and combating tax evasion.
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  • 2.
    book
    Wealth distribution and social mobility. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report explores the distribution of household wealth in the EU Member States and analyses the role of wealth in social mobility. Using data from three datasets (the Household Finance and Consumption Survey, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and the Luxembourg Wealth Study), it focuses on wealth per household member. Wealth composition is compared across social groups and countries, and the role of housing assets in wealth distribution and negative wealth is assessed. The findings show that parental background, including parental wealth, has an impact on educational and wealth mobility. In order to promote equality of opportunities in terms of access to education and housing, the impact of wealth inequalities, including differences in parental wealth, should be counterbalanced. The report also suggests that regularising wealth declaration in the EU could be a way of promoting social justice by minimising hidden wealth and combating tax evasion.
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  • 3.
    book.ebook
    COVID-19 [er] : implications for employment and working life. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report sets out to assess the initial impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employment in Europe (up to Q2 2020), including its effects across sectors and on different categories of workers. It also looks at measures implemented by policymakers in a bid to limit the negative effects of the crisis. It first provides an overview of policy approaches adopted to mitigate the impact of the crisis on businesses, workers and citizens. The main focus is on the development, content and impact of short-time working schemes, income support measures for self-employed people, hardship funds and rent and mortgage deferrals. Finally, it explores the involvement of social partners in the development and implementation of such measures and the role of European funding in supporting these schemes. Eurofound established the COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch database in March 2020 to provide policymakers with information on measures taken to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis on the labour market and wider society. At the same time, an e-survey, ‘Living, working and COVID-19’, was conducted and activities to monitor labour market trends and restructuring were continued in an effort to capture the fallout from the pandemic.
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  • 4.
    book.ebook
    Involvement of social partners in policymaking during the COVID-19 outbreak [er]. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    Since 2016, Eurofound has closely monitored the involvement of national social partners in policymaking as part of the European Semester cycle. In 2020, the focus was on their involvement during the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak. While the pandemic has presented a huge challenge to social dialogue, the results of the analysis highlight how social dialogue can be an effective tool in shaping policy initiatives and finding solutions to emergency situations affecting businesses, workers, the economy and society. It is clear that the participation of social partners in the design and implementation of national recovery and resilience plans in 2021 will be key in the recovery process and for strengthening social dialogue going forward.
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  • 5.
    book
    COVID-19 : implications for employment and working life. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    This report sets out to assess the initial impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employment in Europe (up to Q2 2020), including its effects across sectors and on different categories of workers. It also looks at measures implemented by policymakers in a bid to limit the negative effects of the crisis. It first provides an overview of policy approaches adopted to mitigate the impact of the crisis on businesses, workers and citizens. The main focus is on the development, content and impact of short-time working schemes, income support measures for self-employed people, hardship funds and rent and mortgage deferrals. Finally, it explores the involvement of social partners in the development and implementation of such measures and the role of European funding in supporting these schemes. Eurofound established the COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch database in March 2020 to provide policymakers with information on measures taken to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis on the labour market and wider society. At the same time, an e-survey, ‘Living, working and COVID-19’, was conducted and activities to monitor labour market trends and restructuring were continued in an effort to capture the fallout from the pandemic.
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  • 6.
    book
    Involvement of social partners in policymaking during the COVID-19 outbreak. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2021.
    Summary
    Since 2016, Eurofound has closely monitored the involvement of national social partners in policymaking as part of the European Semester cycle. In 2020, the focus was on their involvement during the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak. While the pandemic has presented a huge challenge to social dialogue, the results of the analysis highlight how social dialogue can be an effective tool in shaping policy initiatives and finding solutions to emergency situations affecting businesses, workers, the economy and society. It is clear that the participation of social partners in the design and implementation of national recovery and resilience plans in 2021 will be key in the recovery process and for strengthening social dialogue going forward.
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  • 7.
    book
    New forms of employment : 2020 update. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns (linked to aspects such as place of work, working time or use of ICT) and sometimes both. This report puts the spotlight on nine innovative employment forms across the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the UK. It examines the policy frameworks of each country, as well as mapping the scale and scope of the incidence of these new forms and highlighting the main opportunities and risks associated with each form. The report concludes with some policy recommendations taking into account the future of work that will be shaped by the twin transition to the digital age and a carbon-neutral economy, as well as a new way of working due to COVID-19.
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  • 8.
    book.ebook
    New forms of employment [er] : 2020 update. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns (linked to aspects such as place of work, working time or use of ICT) and sometimes both. This report puts the spotlight on nine innovative employment forms across the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the UK. It examines the policy frameworks of each country, as well as mapping the scale and scope of the incidence of these new forms and highlighting the main opportunities and risks associated with each form. The report concludes with some policy recommendations taking into account the future of work that will be shaped by the twin transition to the digital age and a carbon-neutral economy, as well as a new way of working due to COVID-19.
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  • 9.
    book.ebook
    Long-term care workforce [er] : employment and working conditions. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report maps the LTC workforce’s working conditions and the nature of employment and role of collective bargaining in the sector. It also discusses policies to make the sector more attractive, combat undeclared work and improve the situation of a particularly vulnerable group of LTC workers: live-in carers. The report ends with a discussion and policy pointers on addressing expected staff shortages and the challenges around working conditions.
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  • 10.
    book
    Long-term care workforce : employment and working conditions. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report maps the LTC workforce’s working conditions and the nature of employment and role of collective bargaining in the sector. It also discusses policies to make the sector more attractive, combat undeclared work and improve the situation of a particularly vulnerable group of LTC workers: live-in carers. The report ends with a discussion and policy pointers on addressing expected staff shortages and the challenges around working conditions.
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  • 11.
    book.ebook
    Employee monitoring and surveillance [er] : the challenges of digitalisation. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    New digital technologies have expanded the possibilities of employee monitoring and surveillance, both in and outside the workplace. In the context of the increasing digitalisation of work, there are many issues related to employee monitoring that warrant the attention of policymakers. As well as the often-cited privacy and ethical concerns, there are also important implications for worker–employer relations, as digitally enabled monitoring and surveillance inevitably shift power dynamics in the workplace. Based on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, this report explores the regulatory approaches to workplace monitoring in Europe, and the many challenges arising from the use of new digital technologies. Drawing from empirical and qualitative research, the report also provides some insight into the extent of employee monitoring in Europe and the implications for job quality and work organisation.
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  • 12.
    book
    Employee monitoring and surveillance : the challenges of digitalisation. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    New digital technologies have expanded the possibilities of employee monitoring and surveillance, both in and outside the workplace. In the context of the increasing digitalisation of work, there are many issues related to employee monitoring that warrant the attention of policymakers. As well as the often-cited privacy and ethical concerns, there are also important implications for worker–employer relations, as digitally enabled monitoring and surveillance inevitably shift power dynamics in the workplace. Based on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, this report explores the regulatory approaches to workplace monitoring in Europe, and the many challenges arising from the use of new digital technologies. Drawing from empirical and qualitative research, the report also provides some insight into the extent of employee monitoring in Europe and the implications for job quality and work organisation.
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  • 13.
    book.ebook
    Working conditions in sectors [er]. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective, using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). The report first outlines the sectoral characteristics underpinning employment – economic structure, demographics, occupational level and employment status. It then goes on to focus on four main topics: changing tasks, skills, training and employability; non-standard employment and employment security; health, well-being and flexible work organisation; and employee representation and voice. Differences in working conditions arising from age, gender, occupation and education level are taken into account. According to the analysis, developing measures to address relevant issues such as skills development, job security and work intensity should be a priority for policy. The data also show that the presence of employee representation and voice is key to improving the situation of employees.
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  • 14.
    book
    Working conditions in sectors. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective, using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). The report first outlines the sectoral characteristics underpinning employment – economic structure, demographics, occupational level and employment status. It then goes on to focus on four main topics: changing tasks, skills, training and employability; non-standard employment and employment security; health, well-being and flexible work organisation; and employee representation and voice. Differences in working conditions arising from age, gender, occupation and education level are taken into account. According to the analysis, developing measures to address relevant issues such as skills development, job security and work intensity should be a priority for policy. The data also show that the presence of employee representation and voice is key to improving the situation of employees.
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  • 15.
    book.ebook
    Representativeness of the European social partner organisations [er] : human health sector. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office], [2020], c2020.
    Summary
    This representativeness study aims to identify the relevant national and supranational social partners – that is, the trade unions and employer organisations – in the human health sector, and to show how they relate to the sector’s European-level organisations representing employees and employers. The report includes an overview of the human health systems and labour market specificities, and employment trends in the human health sector; an analysis of the social partner organisations in all 27 EU Member States and the United Kingdom (UK); a review of collective bargaining patterns and social dialogue; and an analysis of the relevant European organisations, in particular, their membership composition and capacity to negotiate. This introductory section presents the objectives of the study along with an overview of the methodology chosen. The context of this study is the European sectoral social dialogue committee (ESSDC) for the hospital and healthcare sector, which was established in September 2006.
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  • 16.
    book
    Upward convergence in the EU : definition, measurement and trends. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The uneven impact of the 2008–2013 economic crisis on Member States brought upward convergence to the fore in EU political debates. The focus was on orienting social policy towards getting the EU back on track, as encapsulated in the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, the meaning of the concept was unclear. Eurofound filled this gap, defining upward convergence as an improvement in performance alongside a reduction in disparities among Member States in a given socioeconomic indicator. Taking this definition as a starting point, this report illustrates the different ways that upward convergence is typically measured. It also summarises convergence patterns in six important socioeconomic indicators over a decade, from the start of the economic crisis to the height of the recovery. The analysis finds that upward convergence patterns are unstable and that Member States need to strengthen their resilience in the economic and social policy domains to achieve sustainable upward convergence.
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  • 17.
    book.ebook
    Upward convergence in the EU [er] : definition, measurement and trends. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    The uneven impact of the 2008–2013 economic crisis on Member States brought upward convergence to the fore in EU political debates. The focus was on orienting social policy towards getting the EU back on track, as encapsulated in the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, the meaning of the concept was unclear. Eurofound filled this gap, defining upward convergence as an improvement in performance alongside a reduction in disparities among Member States in a given socioeconomic indicator. Taking this definition as a starting point, this report illustrates the different ways that upward convergence is typically measured. It also summarises convergence patterns in six important socioeconomic indicators over a decade, from the start of the economic crisis to the height of the recovery. The analysis finds that upward convergence patterns are unstable and that Member States need to strengthen their resilience in the economic and social policy domains to achieve sustainable upward convergence.
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  • 18.
    book
    Living, working and COVID-19. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report presents the findings of the ‘Living, working and COVID-19’ e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s stakeholders and social media advertising. Two rounds of the e-survey have been carried out to date: one in April, when most Member States were in lockdown, and one in July, when society and economies were slowly re-opening. The findings of the e-survey from the first round reflected widespread emotional distress, financial worry and low levels of trust in institutions. Levels of concern abated somewhat in the second round, particularly among groups of respondents who were benefiting from support measures implemented during the pandemic. At the same time, the results underline stark differences between countries and between socioeconomic groups that point to growing inequalities. The results confirm the upsurge in teleworking across all countries during the COVID-19 pandemic that has been documented elsewhere, and the report explores what this means for work–life balance and elements of job quality.
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  • 19.
    book.ebook
    Living, working and COVID-19 [er]. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2020.
    Summary
    This report presents the findings of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s stakeholders and social media advertising. Two rounds of the e-survey have been carried out to date: one in April, when most Member States were in lockdown, and one in July, when society and economies were slowly re-opening. The findings of the e-survey from the first round reflected widespread emotional distress, financial worry and low levels of trust in institutions. Levels of concern abated somewhat in the second round, particularly among groups of respondents who were benefiting from support measures implemented during the pandemic. At the same time, the results underline stark differences between countries and between socioeconomic groups that point to growing inequalities. The results confirm the upsurge in teleworking across all countries during the COVID-19 pandemic that has been documented elsewhere, and the report explores what this means for work–life balance and elements of job quality.
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  • 20.
    book.ebook
    Minimum wages in 2020 [er] : annual review. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, [2020], c2020.
    Summary
    This report on minimum wages in 2020 is part of an annual series. Minimum wage policies and rate changes tend to be met with a high level of interest from all sides in the annual national discussions on this issue. Also the debate on a more coordinated or even common EU level minimum wage policy is not new. Despite this, these discussions were mainly confined to the national level, as wage setting is primarily the competence of Member States and, according to national traditions, the social partners. But the year 2019 saw an increased surge of interest and additional focus of debate at the EU level following then European Commission President-candidate Ursula von der Leyen’s presentation of the political guidelines for the next Commission 2019–2024 to the European Parliament in July, ahead of the vote on her role of president for the European Commission. In these guidelines she proposed an action plan to fully implement the European Pillar of Social Rights, including: As part of this, we will support those in work to earn a decent living, and those out of work as they look to find a job .… Within the first 100 days of my mandate, I will propose a legal instrument to ensure that every worker in our Union has a fair minimum wage. This should allow for a decent living wherever they work. Minimum wages should be set according to national traditions, through collective agreements or legal provisions. I am a firm believer in the value of social dialogue between employers and unions, the people who know their sector and their region the best .… by 2024 every worker should have a fair minimum wage.
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