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  • 1.
    book
    Investigations of the enamelling characteristics of IF steel : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    Vitreous enamel is an excellent coating as long as the correct grade of steel is used and the process is carefully controlled. IF steel offers a lower cost route, compared with open coil annealed together, with enhanced formability and resistance against metal sagging. The aim of this collaborative project between British Steel, Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) and Voest Alpine Stahl Linz was to comprehensively investigate and obtain a clear understanding of the enamelling characteristics of IF steels. The effects of steel chemistry, annealing variables (both batch and continuously annealed), surface texture and surface chemical and physical additions on enamel/metal adherence were investigated. Following a preliminary evaluation of nine experimental steel chemistries, three final casts were identified to have optimum chemistries and were evaluated by the partners using open-coiled-annealed substrate as a standard. The mechanism of adhesion on IF steel was very complex and was difficult to determine. The influence of surface texture was also evaluated and results indicate that the enamel adhesion was not affected by surface texture. This was the opposite to that expected ; in all cases enamel adhesion was bad. These results are probably a result of the test method used ; the adhesion test used was too violent to distinguish any differences in adhesion of the enamel. However, the test utilised did conform to the European standard (EN 10209). Although the European Standard (EN 10209) was followed by all three partners, there were considerable variations in pickle rate for the production material. Pickle rates were also found to vary within a sheet and between coils. However, it is not thought that this would pose a problem to the enameller. Enamel adhesion was not improved with varying amounts of cold reduction. This was found to be the case for both conventional VE and VE Ti IF steel. Also, from the experiments performed, the results indicated that slightly better adhesion performances were observed for continuous annealing than for batch annealing, wich implies that if production was moved to a continuous annealing route, the properties of VE IF steel would not be adversely affected. However, adhesion was improved with the removal of the Ti from the enamel. This suggests that the Ti has a significant influence on enamel adhesion. The mechanism is believed to be due to Ti in the enamel and Ti segregated to the surface of the steel competing for any oxygen present. This results in poor enamel adhesion as the enamel/steel interaction is not allowed to take place, that is, all available oxygen is removed by the Ti.
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  • 2.
    book
    Ultra-fast cooling in the hot-strip mill (Phase I) : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002
    Summary
    The two fundamental and complementary aspects of product and process developments have been covered in the pilot and demonstration project. With regard to the process, prototype equipment has been built and tested on the hot-strip mill (HSM) of Carlam. Additional trials have also been performed on the HSM of Hoogovens UGB. The main characteristics of the cooling equipment constructed on the HSM of Carlam are : - the length of the cooling zone is 7 328 mm; - the distance between the rolling axis of the last stand and the entry of the cooling zone is 5 760 mm, so that the delay time between rolling and cooling is minimised (< 1 s); - the maximum water flow rate is 6 000 m3/h at a pressure of 3.5 bars for a cooled width of 1 750 mm. The industrial trials have shown that the cooling efficiency decreases with the rolling speed and the amount of water applied to the strip in the cooling unit. This dependence of the cooling efficiency has been explained by the formation of a water wedge in the cooling unit. In order to improve the cooling efficiency for rolling at high speed, the design of the installation has been modified. The orientation of the banks has been modified and more intermediate water sprays have been installed. These water sprays are oriented in the opposite direction to the rolling direction and are aimed at a reduction of the water accumulation (water height) at the exit of the cooling unit. During the industrial trials with the new design of the cooling unit, the efficiency has been improved by more than 30 % at high rolling speed. As far as the products are concerned, the main interest derived from the use of ultra-fast cooling on a hot-strip mill is found in the increase in the steel resistance. As a consequence, the different high-strength steel grades can be produced at a lower cost, thanks to the reduction in the total alloying content. The use of ultra-fast cooling has two other important advantages. First, the final strength can be controlled by the cooling rate and/or by the cooling stop temperature and less by adaptation of the steel chemistry. As a consequence, a great variety of steel grades can be produced based on the same chemistry. The resulting reduction in the number of chemistries at the steelmaking plant will be of great benefit. Second, the final strength is less dependent on the final thickness. More generally, the ultra-fast cooling technology can be installed on all hot-strip mills. Its combination with the conventional laminar cooling offers more flexibility and new attractive possibilities in terms of cooling pattern on the run-out table, which could be of prime importance for the production of some difficult steels.
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  • 3.
    book
    Cost action 837 : plant biotechnology for the removal of organic pollutants and toxic metals from wastewaters and contaminated sites : annual report 2000. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The main objective of COST Action 837 'Plant biotechnology for the removal of organic pollutants and toxic metals from wastewaters and contaminated sites' is to develop and evaluate at the European level new, soft, appropriate and efficient biological processes, based on plant biotechnology, to use the higher plants and agronomic techniques to remove or render harmless recalcitrant organic pollutants and toxic metals present in wastewaters and contaminated sites. The Annual report 2000 summarises the activities of the participants in this COST action.
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  • 4.
    book
    Elevated and low-temperature performance of coated strip steel products : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2001
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  • 5.
    book
    The EU-US Scientific Initiative on Harmful Algal Blooms : report from a Workshop jointly funded by the European Commission DG Research - Environment Directorate and the U. S. National Science Foundation : 5-8 September 2002 - Trieste, Italy. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) are due to proliferations of algae that can have devastating ecological and economic impacts in the world's oceans. They occur through the world, and their distribution globally has been expanding, from a few isolated coasts several hundred years ago to virtually all areas of coastline. Impacts of these events can include contamination of seafood with toxins; fish, shellfish mamma, or bird kills; and altered marine ecosystems through changes in water quality and light penetration. Most dramatically, these events can induce human illness, leading to public demand for effective management of these bloom taxa. The study of their ecology and the factors that impact their development and toxin expression in Europe and in the US is the subject of this initiative for EU§US Programme on Harmful Algal Blooms.
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  • 6.
    book
    Scientific and technological performance by gender : a feasability study on patent and bibliometric indicators. Volume 1, Statistical analysis. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    In this volume patent and bibliometric indicators disaggregated by gender are presented. The patent data were analysed based by gender of the inventors based on their first names. Α similar approach was taken for the bibliometric indicators analysing authors' first names. These data were broken down by industry sector and field of technology for patents and by discipline for publications. They were produced for 6 EU member states as part of a study on the feasibility of producing such indicators by gender for all EU Member States.
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  • 7.
    book
    Use of high-strength steel S460 : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The research project was undertaken to resolve a series of technical problems related to the application of high-strength steel S460 in structural design. One of the problems was the plate buckling phenomena of high-strength steel plate girders. Due to the fact that the use of high-strength material normally leads to a reduction of the thickness of plates this problem was investigated experimentally and by numerical studies. Studies on composite columns made of high-strength material took the special behaviour of short and long columns into account. The investigations were performed in order to verify the influence of the reinforcement, the concrete strength, load eccentricities, the placement of shear studs, and geometrical variations, and led to recommendations for new design rules. The works on the problem of lateral torsional buckling of composite beams wihtout any connections between the concrete slab and the high-strength steel girder show that for each type of steel girder lateral torsional buckling can be prevented by a present concrete slab. This was acknowledged both by theoretical investigations and by tests. Particular studies on composite beams made of high-strength steel (HSS) and normal (NSC) as well as high-strength concrete (HSC), which involved the special problems of the applicability of plastic design methods to high-strength steel, the serviceability criteria for structures made of high-strength materials and the fatigue behaviour of shear studs with diameter 25 mm, reveal that for most of these problems the design rules of composite beams made of normal-strength steel and normal as well as high-strength concrete have to be improved. At last bolted connections were tested and the results have been used to improved and extend the design aids for joints of S460-members. Additionally some theoretical considerations were made about the availability and weldability of S460 from the point of view of steel manufacturer. The results of the research project can be transferred into new design rules for high-strength steel by implementing them in ENV 1993 (Design of Steel Structures) and ENV 1994 (Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures).
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  • 8.
    book
    Development of a pioneer production unit incorporating vacuum tundish technology for commercial slab casting operations : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    The aim of the project was the construction and testing of a vacuum tundish system that can be installed and operated on slab machines of varying designs and with differing operating practices. Vacuum tundish casting offers the potential to improve the quality, yield and consistency of the continuous cast product, particularly during periods of transient casting. This project report traces the progress of the work from initial trials using a first production prototype on the slab caster of Corus Scunthorpe Works to detailed design review and development work, including both pilot plant and production trials aimed at producing an improved vacuum tundish system capable of routine production operation. Major design improvements included uprating of the vacuum system, provision of a dedicated preheat unit, optimisation of control loops and adaptation to operate with a sliding gate tube changer which helped to improve start of cast control. A new vacuum tundish was constructed for slab casting trials at Corus Strip Products, UK, Port Talbot Works incorporating these aspects. The work culminated in use of the system in a twin ladle production cast. The final design is more robust and production oriented, although further simplification of operating characteristics would be desirable. Excellent control of mould level variability and steel surface quality has been demonstrated, although as yet there is no improvement in steel cleanness, which may be related to design compromises imposed by the need to retrofit the system into an existing tundish/SES geometry.
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  • 9.
    book
    Real-time control of ferrite distribution in the manufacture of stainless steel slabs free of surface defects : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    This report contains the joint contributions of the collaborative ECSC project between Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), Krupp Thyssen Nirosta (KTN) and the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen (RWTH). The main aims of the work were to find out the relationships between the initial solidification for AISI 304 slabs, the possibility to control the transformation phase δ-γ and the ferrite distribution on slab surface, and how to prevent the occurence of surface defects such as depressions and slag entrapment, leading to slab quality improvements. The main results of the research activities were as follows : - the δ ferrite content was strongly dependent on the equivalent Cr/Ni ratio and cooling rate ; - ferritescope measurements were generally lower on average compared with those by automatic image analysis ; - a new empirical equation to evaluate SDAS as a function of cooling rate was developed ; - empirical relationships describing δ ferrite content as a function of Cr/Ni equivalents and cooling rate at different temperatures were dirived ; - large effect of reheating parameters on δ ferrite transformation at high temperatures was determined, the highest rate being observed at 1 200°C ; - higher ferrite content during primary solidification led to better slab surface quality and prevented slab conditioning. The experimental results can be used for further mathematical modelling of ferrite transformation during continuous casting and slab reheating.
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  • 10.
    book
    A vegetation map of South America. European Commission. Joint Research Centre
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
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  • 11.
    book
    The formation and prevention of scale during twin roller strip casting : final report. Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung (Germany)
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The project has examined the formation of scale during direct casting of steel strip in a collaboration of MPI, IRSID, TKS and Corus UK. Scale grown in casting under air and the corresponding yield losses have been evaluated. Systems to prevent oxygen access to the strip surface have been developed ranging from cassette shrouds on pilot casting machines to a fully enclosed laboratory caster. The effect of reduced oxygen partial pressures was investigated by off-line tests. Steel grades were low carbon, high carbon and silicon steels, also with aluminium addition. Theoretical modelling has been developed and validated which allows prediction of scale thickness on the basis of thermal computations and kinetic expressions. The effect of meniscus protection by non-oxidising gases was studied. Pickling behaviour was investigated as a function of the pickling solution and steel grade and direct descaling by solid CO2 under high pressure was tested.
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  • 12.
    book
    Wear of blast furnace hearth : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The knowledge of motion of liquids in the hearth and the position of the furnace 'dead man' are examples of important factors in prolonging the life of hearth refractories. The wear mechanisms of the lining in the hearth and the composition of the salamander were examined. The beginning of the 'brittle layer' has thermomechanical reasons. Zinc and/or alkali compounds are of minor importance. For the areas of intermediate repairs, standard carbon material has to be preferred to small size hot pressed carbon bricks. The ceramic cup can be optimised. Injecting titanium containing powder through the tuyeres scaffolds were built up in front of the carbon material. The different thermal conductivities of scaffold materials have to be taken into consideration when calculating their protective thickness. A direct measurement technique of the residual refractory thickness, the principle of which is based on refractory acoustic resonance determination has been developed. The modelling of neutron techniques for measuring the carbon thickness was tested. The measured wear profiles were in good accordance with the ones calculated by a model. Generally the 'brittle layer' formation may cause the biggest insecurities in calculating the actual wear condition. Investigations of coke movement with traced coke had shown that the coke in the 'dead man' moves downwards by about 1 meter per day. Another result was the high decrease of the coke hot strength in the hearth. Radioactive tracer experiments show the effects on the hearth permeability on the fluid flow in the blast furnace hearth. Numerical analysis of the hydrodynamic pattern were carried out. The non-intrusive measurement of mass changes of liquids within the blast furnace hearth is a new method of blast furnace liquid level control. Further work is required to adapt this equipment for routine use on a blast furnace.
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  • 13.
    book
    Development of a new soil investigation procedure to determine the optimum installation procedure for steel sheet piles and associated ground motions - SIPDIS : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
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  • 14.
    book
    Multilayer coatings with improved performance for construction applications : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The goal of this project was to develop new multilayer coil coatings which are superior to the currently available products by combining conventional and novel coatings and application techniques. Improved mechanical properties and durability can be achieved by the development of high-quality three-layer-thick film coatings. Depending on the position of the additional intermediate organic layer, it will serve as a corrosion inhibitor, a barrier for gases, vapours or chemicals, or as a top- or clear coat for excellent weatherability and mechanical durability. Several UV- and EB-curable formulations and hot melt systems were tested and their curing response analysed. After the screening phase and some further improvements, the best systems were selected for final testing. Both HDG and Galfan substrates were used. Three UV- and one EB-curable midcoats and white and black polyester topcoats were applied an chromate-free and chromate-containing polyesters primers. Two promising hot melt systems were also selected for final testing, but they had to be excluded due to great difficulties in their application. Although all targets for mechanical properties were not met, a clear improvement compared to the references systems was observed in the overall performance. Also, the corrosion protection was enhanced especially in the case of scribe down to zinc. Galfan generally had a considerably better performance than conventional zinc coating. The improved corrosion behaviour of the multilayer systems was also evident an the basis of the EIS results. The selected systems did not show any interference with the performance of the topcoat in QUV testing.
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  • 15.
    book
    FAIR : agriculture and fisheries (including agroindustry, food technologies, forestry, aquaculture, and rural development). VOL 1, Functional food science in Europe. VOL 2, Food science and technology : functional food science in Europe. VOL 3, Scientific concepts of functional foods in Europe : consensus document. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, c2000.
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  • 16.
    book
    Mastering the gaseous flow inside the continuous annealing furnaces : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The emphasis of the activities was on the finding-out of connections between lubrication and roughness of the roll surface and determination of the impact of the lubrication on the bending effect. Moreover, examinations of the connection between roll roughness and the adhesion of scale on the hot-rolled strip were carried out. Another important point was the investigation of the hot-rolling process with particular emphasis on chatter vibration. The examinations carried out regarding scale forming and pickling properties show that there is no difference between driving the plant with or without roll lubrication. The positive effects of the lubrication on roll force reduction, roll wear, and scale avoidance can be retained, without any negative effect on scale forming and pickling properties. Furthermore, the knowledge on the mechanism of torsional chatter vibration at hot rolling was significantly increased. A vibration model is available to simulate process conditions and to optimise process parameters. A torque vibration monitoring system was installed for the early detection of chatter vibration and is a basis for intervention in the process procedures.
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  • 17.
    book
    COST Action 513 : improvement in the availability and quality of intermetallic-based materials : final evaluation report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    COST Materials Action 513 'Improvements in availability and quality of intermetallic-based materials' started on 9 June 1993. Eight European countries signed a memorandum of understanding and support their relevant laboratories in science and industry: Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Two working groups were established dealing with: - Processing/Physical Metallurgy - Mechanical Properties/Microstructure.
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  • 18.
    book
    Development of steels for non-pollutive manufacturing : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
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  • 19.
    book
    Implementation of a new technology to improve flatness on cold rolling mills and temper mills : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The main objective of this project was to test the capability and reliability of a dynamic shape roll (DSR) in a cold rolling mill and to evaluate its potential for the improvement of product flatness. A DSR was installed at the last stand of the tandem cold rolling mill of the Biache plant at Sollac. At the start-up, important problems were encountered and required a modification of the installation. Since June 1998, the installation has been working better (less than 15 minutes of mill stop by 40 kT) but a few modifications have had to be made to optimise the process. A mill model has been validated on the basis of roll gap pressure measurements. The model has been used to extrapolate DSR performances for high rolling forces. The efficiency of the flatness actuators is characterised experimentally by means od static pressure sensors placed in the roll gap at the final stand; the results serve for the validation of the elastic mill model. The DSR is compared to several, conventional flatness actuators. The real flatness benefits are determined with the help of a shape meter located at the exit of the mill. After several improvements to the regulation systems, the flatness has been improved and it appeared that there is a significant improvement of strip shape in the case of wide products up to 30%. The wider the strip, the higher the benefits.
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  • 20.
    book
    Optimisation of the thermomechanical treatment to improve the geometry and the mechanical properties of high strength steel heavy products : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The manufacturing of thick plates generally involves rolling processes followed by heat treatments necessary to obtain the aimed microstructure and service properties. Heat treatments are generally difficult to control and optimise. Indeed, on the one hand, it is necessary to control the microstructures in order to get the desired mechanical properties and, on the other hand, it is necessary to control the thermal gradients in order to limit distortions, residual stresses and internal defects such as hot tears and quench cracks. These phenomena are usually estimated through empirical ways based on practical knowledge. But, in the last 15 years, substantial progress has been made in numerical simulations of processes. So, today, modelling and numerical simulation tools allow for a more scientific approach to these problems, taking into account the numerous parameters of the physical processes acting in rolling and cooling : temperature gradients in the component, phase transformation gradients, segregations and viscous effects due to the long holding times. This report outlines the development of numerical models for predicting microstructure, residual stresses and distortions during heat treatment and taking into account phase transformations and carbon content heterogeneities. The first task has allowed for the successful modelling of the mechanical behaviour of the 40 CrMnMo 8 during the hot rolling and in the interstand. The influence of carbon segregation on flow curves has been investigated. After that, characterisations have been performed for 40 CrMnMo 8 steel to indentify mechanical properties (yield stress, hardening) of the different constituents (austenite, ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite) as functions of temperature and strain rate. A model for calculating phase transformation kinetics in steels (based on IT diagrams) has been developed and the effects of phase transformations on the thermomechanical bahaviour of the material have been taken into account (volume changes, transformation plasticity, phase amount dependent mechanical properties). Special interest has been given to the introduction of the carbon content dependency of phase transformation kinetics and its effects on the global coupling scheme. This model and the induced couplings have been introduced in finite element codes. Concerning the industrial validations, the last validation have been undertaken on a plate, a turbine shaft and a tube sheet. The models developed and numerical simulations have allowed quantification of the possible effects of carbon segregation on the phase transformation kinetics and stress and strain evolutions during cooling and on the distributions of microstructures, hardness and residual stresses after cooling.
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