Current Search:
  • EUR. Technical steel research. X
Results 1 to 20 of 177
  • 1.
    book
    Investigations of the enamelling characteristics of IF steel : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    Vitreous enamel is an excellent coating as long as the correct grade of steel is used and the process is carefully controlled. IF steel offers a lower cost route, compared with open coil annealed together, with enhanced formability and resistance against metal sagging. The aim of this collaborative project between British Steel, Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) and Voest Alpine Stahl Linz was to comprehensively investigate and obtain a clear understanding of the enamelling characteristics of IF steels. The effects of steel chemistry, annealing variables (both batch and continuously annealed), surface texture and surface chemical and physical additions on enamel/metal adherence were investigated. Following a preliminary evaluation of nine experimental steel chemistries, three final casts were identified to have optimum chemistries and were evaluated by the partners using open-coiled-annealed substrate as a standard. The mechanism of adhesion on IF steel was very complex and was difficult to determine. The influence of surface texture was also evaluated and results indicate that the enamel adhesion was not affected by surface texture. This was the opposite to that expected ; in all cases enamel adhesion was bad. These results are probably a result of the test method used ; the adhesion test used was too violent to distinguish any differences in adhesion of the enamel. However, the test utilised did conform to the European standard (EN 10209). Although the European Standard (EN 10209) was followed by all three partners, there were considerable variations in pickle rate for the production material. Pickle rates were also found to vary within a sheet and between coils. However, it is not thought that this would pose a problem to the enameller. Enamel adhesion was not improved with varying amounts of cold reduction. This was found to be the case for both conventional VE and VE Ti IF steel. Also, from the experiments performed, the results indicated that slightly better adhesion performances were observed for continuous annealing than for batch annealing, wich implies that if production was moved to a continuous annealing route, the properties of VE IF steel would not be adversely affected. However, adhesion was improved with the removal of the Ti from the enamel. This suggests that the Ti has a significant influence on enamel adhesion. The mechanism is believed to be due to Ti in the enamel and Ti segregated to the surface of the steel competing for any oxygen present. This results in poor enamel adhesion as the enamel/steel interaction is not allowed to take place, that is, all available oxygen is removed by the Ti.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 2.
    book
    Ultra-fast cooling in the hot-strip mill (Phase I) : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002
    Summary
    The two fundamental and complementary aspects of product and process developments have been covered in the pilot and demonstration project. With regard to the process, prototype equipment has been built and tested on the hot-strip mill (HSM) of Carlam. Additional trials have also been performed on the HSM of Hoogovens UGB. The main characteristics of the cooling equipment constructed on the HSM of Carlam are : - the length of the cooling zone is 7 328 mm; - the distance between the rolling axis of the last stand and the entry of the cooling zone is 5 760 mm, so that the delay time between rolling and cooling is minimised (< 1 s); - the maximum water flow rate is 6 000 m3/h at a pressure of 3.5 bars for a cooled width of 1 750 mm. The industrial trials have shown that the cooling efficiency decreases with the rolling speed and the amount of water applied to the strip in the cooling unit. This dependence of the cooling efficiency has been explained by the formation of a water wedge in the cooling unit. In order to improve the cooling efficiency for rolling at high speed, the design of the installation has been modified. The orientation of the banks has been modified and more intermediate water sprays have been installed. These water sprays are oriented in the opposite direction to the rolling direction and are aimed at a reduction of the water accumulation (water height) at the exit of the cooling unit. During the industrial trials with the new design of the cooling unit, the efficiency has been improved by more than 30 % at high rolling speed. As far as the products are concerned, the main interest derived from the use of ultra-fast cooling on a hot-strip mill is found in the increase in the steel resistance. As a consequence, the different high-strength steel grades can be produced at a lower cost, thanks to the reduction in the total alloying content. The use of ultra-fast cooling has two other important advantages. First, the final strength can be controlled by the cooling rate and/or by the cooling stop temperature and less by adaptation of the steel chemistry. As a consequence, a great variety of steel grades can be produced based on the same chemistry. The resulting reduction in the number of chemistries at the steelmaking plant will be of great benefit. Second, the final strength is less dependent on the final thickness. More generally, the ultra-fast cooling technology can be installed on all hot-strip mills. Its combination with the conventional laminar cooling offers more flexibility and new attractive possibilities in terms of cooling pattern on the run-out table, which could be of prime importance for the production of some difficult steels.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 3.
    book
    Elevated and low-temperature performance of coated strip steel products : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2001
    Add To Cart
     
  • 4.
    book
    Use of high-strength steel S460 : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The research project was undertaken to resolve a series of technical problems related to the application of high-strength steel S460 in structural design. One of the problems was the plate buckling phenomena of high-strength steel plate girders. Due to the fact that the use of high-strength material normally leads to a reduction of the thickness of plates this problem was investigated experimentally and by numerical studies. Studies on composite columns made of high-strength material took the special behaviour of short and long columns into account. The investigations were performed in order to verify the influence of the reinforcement, the concrete strength, load eccentricities, the placement of shear studs, and geometrical variations, and led to recommendations for new design rules. The works on the problem of lateral torsional buckling of composite beams wihtout any connections between the concrete slab and the high-strength steel girder show that for each type of steel girder lateral torsional buckling can be prevented by a present concrete slab. This was acknowledged both by theoretical investigations and by tests. Particular studies on composite beams made of high-strength steel (HSS) and normal (NSC) as well as high-strength concrete (HSC), which involved the special problems of the applicability of plastic design methods to high-strength steel, the serviceability criteria for structures made of high-strength materials and the fatigue behaviour of shear studs with diameter 25 mm, reveal that for most of these problems the design rules of composite beams made of normal-strength steel and normal as well as high-strength concrete have to be improved. At last bolted connections were tested and the results have been used to improved and extend the design aids for joints of S460-members. Additionally some theoretical considerations were made about the availability and weldability of S460 from the point of view of steel manufacturer. The results of the research project can be transferred into new design rules for high-strength steel by implementing them in ENV 1993 (Design of Steel Structures) and ENV 1994 (Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures).
    Add To Cart
     
  • 5.
    book
    Development of a pioneer production unit incorporating vacuum tundish technology for commercial slab casting operations : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    The aim of the project was the construction and testing of a vacuum tundish system that can be installed and operated on slab machines of varying designs and with differing operating practices. Vacuum tundish casting offers the potential to improve the quality, yield and consistency of the continuous cast product, particularly during periods of transient casting. This project report traces the progress of the work from initial trials using a first production prototype on the slab caster of Corus Scunthorpe Works to detailed design review and development work, including both pilot plant and production trials aimed at producing an improved vacuum tundish system capable of routine production operation. Major design improvements included uprating of the vacuum system, provision of a dedicated preheat unit, optimisation of control loops and adaptation to operate with a sliding gate tube changer which helped to improve start of cast control. A new vacuum tundish was constructed for slab casting trials at Corus Strip Products, UK, Port Talbot Works incorporating these aspects. The work culminated in use of the system in a twin ladle production cast. The final design is more robust and production oriented, although further simplification of operating characteristics would be desirable. Excellent control of mould level variability and steel surface quality has been demonstrated, although as yet there is no improvement in steel cleanness, which may be related to design compromises imposed by the need to retrofit the system into an existing tundish/SES geometry.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 6.
    book
    Real-time control of ferrite distribution in the manufacture of stainless steel slabs free of surface defects : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    This report contains the joint contributions of the collaborative ECSC project between Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), Krupp Thyssen Nirosta (KTN) and the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen (RWTH). The main aims of the work were to find out the relationships between the initial solidification for AISI 304 slabs, the possibility to control the transformation phase δ-γ and the ferrite distribution on slab surface, and how to prevent the occurence of surface defects such as depressions and slag entrapment, leading to slab quality improvements. The main results of the research activities were as follows : - the δ ferrite content was strongly dependent on the equivalent Cr/Ni ratio and cooling rate ; - ferritescope measurements were generally lower on average compared with those by automatic image analysis ; - a new empirical equation to evaluate SDAS as a function of cooling rate was developed ; - empirical relationships describing δ ferrite content as a function of Cr/Ni equivalents and cooling rate at different temperatures were dirived ; - large effect of reheating parameters on δ ferrite transformation at high temperatures was determined, the highest rate being observed at 1 200°C ; - higher ferrite content during primary solidification led to better slab surface quality and prevented slab conditioning. The experimental results can be used for further mathematical modelling of ferrite transformation during continuous casting and slab reheating.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 7.
    book
    The formation and prevention of scale during twin roller strip casting : final report. Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung (Germany)
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The project has examined the formation of scale during direct casting of steel strip in a collaboration of MPI, IRSID, TKS and Corus UK. Scale grown in casting under air and the corresponding yield losses have been evaluated. Systems to prevent oxygen access to the strip surface have been developed ranging from cassette shrouds on pilot casting machines to a fully enclosed laboratory caster. The effect of reduced oxygen partial pressures was investigated by off-line tests. Steel grades were low carbon, high carbon and silicon steels, also with aluminium addition. Theoretical modelling has been developed and validated which allows prediction of scale thickness on the basis of thermal computations and kinetic expressions. The effect of meniscus protection by non-oxidising gases was studied. Pickling behaviour was investigated as a function of the pickling solution and steel grade and direct descaling by solid CO2 under high pressure was tested.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 8.
    book
    Wear of blast furnace hearth : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The knowledge of motion of liquids in the hearth and the position of the furnace 'dead man' are examples of important factors in prolonging the life of hearth refractories. The wear mechanisms of the lining in the hearth and the composition of the salamander were examined. The beginning of the 'brittle layer' has thermomechanical reasons. Zinc and/or alkali compounds are of minor importance. For the areas of intermediate repairs, standard carbon material has to be preferred to small size hot pressed carbon bricks. The ceramic cup can be optimised. Injecting titanium containing powder through the tuyeres scaffolds were built up in front of the carbon material. The different thermal conductivities of scaffold materials have to be taken into consideration when calculating their protective thickness. A direct measurement technique of the residual refractory thickness, the principle of which is based on refractory acoustic resonance determination has been developed. The modelling of neutron techniques for measuring the carbon thickness was tested. The measured wear profiles were in good accordance with the ones calculated by a model. Generally the 'brittle layer' formation may cause the biggest insecurities in calculating the actual wear condition. Investigations of coke movement with traced coke had shown that the coke in the 'dead man' moves downwards by about 1 meter per day. Another result was the high decrease of the coke hot strength in the hearth. Radioactive tracer experiments show the effects on the hearth permeability on the fluid flow in the blast furnace hearth. Numerical analysis of the hydrodynamic pattern were carried out. The non-intrusive measurement of mass changes of liquids within the blast furnace hearth is a new method of blast furnace liquid level control. Further work is required to adapt this equipment for routine use on a blast furnace.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 9.
    book
    Development of a new soil investigation procedure to determine the optimum installation procedure for steel sheet piles and associated ground motions - SIPDIS : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 10.
    book
    Multilayer coatings with improved performance for construction applications : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The goal of this project was to develop new multilayer coil coatings which are superior to the currently available products by combining conventional and novel coatings and application techniques. Improved mechanical properties and durability can be achieved by the development of high-quality three-layer-thick film coatings. Depending on the position of the additional intermediate organic layer, it will serve as a corrosion inhibitor, a barrier for gases, vapours or chemicals, or as a top- or clear coat for excellent weatherability and mechanical durability. Several UV- and EB-curable formulations and hot melt systems were tested and their curing response analysed. After the screening phase and some further improvements, the best systems were selected for final testing. Both HDG and Galfan substrates were used. Three UV- and one EB-curable midcoats and white and black polyester topcoats were applied an chromate-free and chromate-containing polyesters primers. Two promising hot melt systems were also selected for final testing, but they had to be excluded due to great difficulties in their application. Although all targets for mechanical properties were not met, a clear improvement compared to the references systems was observed in the overall performance. Also, the corrosion protection was enhanced especially in the case of scribe down to zinc. Galfan generally had a considerably better performance than conventional zinc coating. The improved corrosion behaviour of the multilayer systems was also evident an the basis of the EIS results. The selected systems did not show any interference with the performance of the topcoat in QUV testing.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 11.
    book
    Mastering the gaseous flow inside the continuous annealing furnaces : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The emphasis of the activities was on the finding-out of connections between lubrication and roughness of the roll surface and determination of the impact of the lubrication on the bending effect. Moreover, examinations of the connection between roll roughness and the adhesion of scale on the hot-rolled strip were carried out. Another important point was the investigation of the hot-rolling process with particular emphasis on chatter vibration. The examinations carried out regarding scale forming and pickling properties show that there is no difference between driving the plant with or without roll lubrication. The positive effects of the lubrication on roll force reduction, roll wear, and scale avoidance can be retained, without any negative effect on scale forming and pickling properties. Furthermore, the knowledge on the mechanism of torsional chatter vibration at hot rolling was significantly increased. A vibration model is available to simulate process conditions and to optimise process parameters. A torque vibration monitoring system was installed for the early detection of chatter vibration and is a basis for intervention in the process procedures.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 12.
    book
    Development of steels for non-pollutive manufacturing : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 13.
    book
    Implementation of a new technology to improve flatness on cold rolling mills and temper mills : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The main objective of this project was to test the capability and reliability of a dynamic shape roll (DSR) in a cold rolling mill and to evaluate its potential for the improvement of product flatness. A DSR was installed at the last stand of the tandem cold rolling mill of the Biache plant at Sollac. At the start-up, important problems were encountered and required a modification of the installation. Since June 1998, the installation has been working better (less than 15 minutes of mill stop by 40 kT) but a few modifications have had to be made to optimise the process. A mill model has been validated on the basis of roll gap pressure measurements. The model has been used to extrapolate DSR performances for high rolling forces. The efficiency of the flatness actuators is characterised experimentally by means od static pressure sensors placed in the roll gap at the final stand; the results serve for the validation of the elastic mill model. The DSR is compared to several, conventional flatness actuators. The real flatness benefits are determined with the help of a shape meter located at the exit of the mill. After several improvements to the regulation systems, the flatness has been improved and it appeared that there is a significant improvement of strip shape in the case of wide products up to 30%. The wider the strip, the higher the benefits.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 14.
    book
    Optimisation of the thermomechanical treatment to improve the geometry and the mechanical properties of high strength steel heavy products : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The manufacturing of thick plates generally involves rolling processes followed by heat treatments necessary to obtain the aimed microstructure and service properties. Heat treatments are generally difficult to control and optimise. Indeed, on the one hand, it is necessary to control the microstructures in order to get the desired mechanical properties and, on the other hand, it is necessary to control the thermal gradients in order to limit distortions, residual stresses and internal defects such as hot tears and quench cracks. These phenomena are usually estimated through empirical ways based on practical knowledge. But, in the last 15 years, substantial progress has been made in numerical simulations of processes. So, today, modelling and numerical simulation tools allow for a more scientific approach to these problems, taking into account the numerous parameters of the physical processes acting in rolling and cooling : temperature gradients in the component, phase transformation gradients, segregations and viscous effects due to the long holding times. This report outlines the development of numerical models for predicting microstructure, residual stresses and distortions during heat treatment and taking into account phase transformations and carbon content heterogeneities. The first task has allowed for the successful modelling of the mechanical behaviour of the 40 CrMnMo 8 during the hot rolling and in the interstand. The influence of carbon segregation on flow curves has been investigated. After that, characterisations have been performed for 40 CrMnMo 8 steel to indentify mechanical properties (yield stress, hardening) of the different constituents (austenite, ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite) as functions of temperature and strain rate. A model for calculating phase transformation kinetics in steels (based on IT diagrams) has been developed and the effects of phase transformations on the thermomechanical bahaviour of the material have been taken into account (volume changes, transformation plasticity, phase amount dependent mechanical properties). Special interest has been given to the introduction of the carbon content dependency of phase transformation kinetics and its effects on the global coupling scheme. This model and the induced couplings have been introduced in finite element codes. Concerning the industrial validations, the last validation have been undertaken on a plate, a turbine shaft and a tube sheet. The models developed and numerical simulations have allowed quantification of the possible effects of carbon segregation on the phase transformation kinetics and stress and strain evolutions during cooling and on the distributions of microstructures, hardness and residual stresses after cooling.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 15.
    book
    Improvement of collapse behaviour of all-steel road safety barriers-Roadsteel : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The present document constitutes the technical final report of the ECSC research project 'Improvement of collapse behaviour of all-steel road safety barriers - Roadsteel'. The main purpose of the project is to enhance the competitiveness of the all-steel safety feature with respect to concrete ones by : - preparing and validating a mechanical computation tool able to simulate the crash between the barriers and the vehicles and useful for the design of innovative barriers and the optimisation of existing ones ; - exploring the possible use of multilaminar composite sheets instead of the homogeneous single ones for barrier production. The project covers the following activity lines : - deeper knowledge acquisition of the present status of safety barriers in Europe (properties, materials, existing features, etc.), starting from the countries directly involved in the project: Spain, France, Italy and Portugal ; - study and preparation of a simulation protocol able to simulate the vehicle-to-barrier crash with an acceptable confidence level ; - study of possible modifications to some all-steel barrier types in order to make them more competitive on the market ; - investigation of the possibility and convenience of using steel-based multilaminate materials, already studied in a previous ECSC project by the Spanish partner CENIM, instead of the homogeneous monolayer steel sheet ; - validation, by means of experimental tests at laboratory and full-scale levels, of the protocol and one optimised barrier solution previously studied.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 16.
    book
    Coated steel strip for fuel tanks : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2003.
    Summary
    This project aims at defining better solutions to substitute PbSn `terne' coated steel sheets for metallic fuel tanks referring to the current context, i.e. the forthcoming alcoholcontaining fuels. In this way we have studied the properties and carried out feasibility investigations of different types of coated steel sheets: existing materials, also not conventionally utilised for fuel tanks or already considered for these applications, but that need to be tested with alcohol-containing fuels and/or optimised with respect to the transformation properties; new coatings. The results of these studies consist of an assessment for several types of coated steel sheets of the following properties: stamping (by friction, powdering, hydroforming tests); assembling (weldability and solderability with various techniques); fuel resistance, to.different fuel blend compositions with tests recommended by carmakers' specifications and on laboratory prototype (stamped and welded) tanks. On the basis of the results of these evaluations, the transformation properties of different coatings, mainly hot dip aluminised and galvannealed steel sheets, have been better defined for this application and two kinds of organic coated steel have been selected for manufacturing fuel tank prototypes: hot dip aluminised steel sheet with a new organic coating (film thickness 8 µm) consisting of an epoxy resin containing aluminium powder; galvannealed steel sheets with a thin (1 µm) organic coating, a material that was developed in the course of a previous ECSC research project (7210-MB/407). Both these materials have been evaluated with success as full-scale fuel tanks have been stamped and welded under industrial conditions with the fuel tanks' maker. Finally, an important contribution of this research to the knowledge of materials for this application, is a detailed and updated survey of patents related to coatings for fuel tanks.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 17.
    book
    Oxidation and decarburisation of high-carbon, special and general steels : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The aim of this project was to improve understanding of the related effects of scale formation and surface decarburisation that arise from oxidation during the reheating of steel in order to meet increasingly stringent surface quality requirements and decarburisation specifications of general, special and high-carbon steel products. The programme of work was a collaboration between Corus UK Ltd (Swinden Technology Centre - STC), IRSID (France), Corus NIL (IJmuiden Technology Centre), MEFOS (Sweden) and BFI (Germany), and was coordinated by Corus STC. Quantitative oxidation data were obtained by four of the partners in contrasting thermobalance equipment using samples ranging from 3 g to 20 kg. Parameters were derived for the classical oxidation equations corresponding to parabolic, mixed parabolic, paralinear, linear and logarithmic relationships, as appropriate. Application of these equations to predictive models is complicated by the discontinuous effect of compositional changes such as the carbon, silicon and phosphorous levels in the steel and the humidity of the atmosphere. These tests were augmented by reheating and descaling trials, tests involving the deformation of scale during hot working and investigation of decarburisation, notably comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the suppression of decarburisation by the presence of scale at low temperature. The fifth partner performed a series of works trials to provide a link between laboratory tests and plant practice. Test samples were monitored as they were transported through a reheating furnace. A process control model was developed invoking the principles studied in the project and incorporating a novel approach to handling changes in the composition of the atmosphere. Earlier delays in the experimental work were largely overcome, and the project broadly achieved the objectives stated in the original proposal.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 18.
    book
    Steel shaped can (three pieces) : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research.
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    This report deals with shaped cans. Two main aspects have been studied : experimentation; simulation with Pamstamp software. Tubes have been expanded by different processes and with different shape : mechanical expansion with 16 and 8 segments, with 16 shaped segments. In each case, strain state, height and thickness have been considered. The influence of many parameters such as anisotropy coefficient, friction and shape has been confirmed. It has been demonstrated on the contrary that the role of the behaviour law of the material is less significant, even if it can not of course be neglected. The modellisation of the weld was not really a problem. Standard and laserweld have been simulated without any problem of convergence. Their effect seems to be very local, only a quarter of the tube. The tube is higher there, it is thicker on the weld and thinner close to it and great stresses are concentrated in this area. The simulation has allowed us to improve our knowledge in shaping, but some problems remain. The results of the models do not admit any comparison to experiments. Calculations can be compared to one another but not to reality. This may be due to the software, wich has not been conceived for such applications.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 19.
    book
    Chromium-replacing coatings obtained by physical vapour deposition - Nochrome : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2001
    Summary
    The objective of this research project was to evaluate possible metal coating replacements for chromate passivation or conversion layers on hot-dip galvanised (HDG) and electrozinc (EZ) steel strip products. The experimental coatings, obtained by electron beam PVD, included titanium, aluminium, copper, manganese, and tungsten, in various ranges of thickness. In addition to the HDG and EZ, some mild steel samples, immediately after being Zn-coated by PVD, were utilised as substrates. Characterisation results indicated Ti and Al as the most promising Cr replacement coatings. In particular, thin (100-500 nm) coatings can be utilised as conversion layers. In fact, they reduced average corrosion rates to a level comparable to that found for conventional chromated samples. Furthermore, their performance in the painted condition was in most cases equivalent to that of chromated reference materials. On the contrary, the performance in the painted condition of thicker (1-2 µm) coatings was not generally satisfactory. However, in the unpainted condition, they behaved similarly to or better than the chromated reference materials. These results suggest that such coatings would be most appropriate as passivation layers for unpainted applications. Among the thicker coatings, the best overall properties, and in particular coating adhesion, compactness and compositional uniformity, were obtained with freshly PVD Zn-coated substrates. This result implies the possibility of realising an industrial continuous PVD line without the need of critical pretreatment (to remove surface oxidation). In fact, the passivation coatings could be deposited immediately after the deposition of the Zn layer, i.e. prior to the build-up of any significant oxidation.
    Add To Cart
     
  • 20.
    book
    Control of the decarburisation and the stirring efficiency in the EAF : final report. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research
    Publication
    Luxembourg : Publications Office, 2002.
    Summary
    The main goals of the project are the definition of the operating conditions and the means requested to control the decarburisation and the stirring efficiency in the EAF. For this study, pilot trials and industrial tests are performed. IRSID, through trials on the industrial furnace of Unimetal Gandrange, has defined a new process and a new calculation of the carbon quantity to be loaded into the EAF. Low carbon contents (< 0.06%) have been achieved with great difficulties explained by the evolution of the oxygen yield on carbon, manganese and chromium removal. Sidenor, through trials on the EAF of Vitoria, has designed four oxidation profiles. The conventional oxidation profile was the most economical one. An assessment of the use of oxidised materials (scale, iron ore and mixture of pig iron and iron ore) as EAF charge has shown only the scale could offer a profitable practice. CRM has proven the possibility to measure the bath height in an EAF by gas injection. An evolution curve has being obtained from industrial trials performed at the ARES Schifflange EAF. The daily application of the technique would nevertheless require further development of a special plug dedicated to the measurement. Corus has successfully applied XRF technology at three EAF sites to monitor the amount and analysis of waste gas fumes. The results show the influence of the constitution of the cold charge materials, method for injecting oxygen, flux additions practice and method and capability for slag foaming. Further work is required to confirm these last results.
    Add To Cart
     
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Next >